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Fall:OB/GYN > Key Terms: Test1 > Flashcards

Key Terms: Test1 Flashcards

1
Q

external genitalia

A

also known as the vulva or the pudenum

consists of the mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vestibule of the vagina

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2
Q

false pelvis

A

part of the pelvic cavity above the pelvic brim

False pelvis communicates with the abdominal cavity superiorily and with the pelvic cavity inferiorily

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3
Q

true pelvis

A

also known as the lesser or minor pelvis

cavity of the true pelvis is continuous at the pelvic brim with the cavity of the major pelvis

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4
Q

pelvic cavity

A

posterior wall formed by sacrum and coccyx

margins of the posterolateral wall-formed by the piriforms and coccygeus muscles

anterolateral walls-formed by hip bones and obturator internus muscles

lower margin-formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscles

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5
Q

coccygeus muscles

A

muscles that form the floor of the pelvis

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6
Q

iliacus muscles

A

paired muscles that form the lateral wall of the pelvis

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7
Q

ilipectineal line

A

bony ridge of the inner surface of the ilium and pubic bones

divides the true pelvis and the false pelvis

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8
Q

levator ani

A

pair of muscles that form the floor of the pelvis

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9
Q

obtuator internus muscle

A

triangular sheets of muscle that arise from the anterolateral pelvic wall and surround the obturator foramen

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10
Q

piriformis muscle

A

flat, triangular muscles that arise from the anterior sacrum and pass through the greater sciatic notch on the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur

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11
Q

psoas major muscle

A

originate at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and descend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the pelvic sidewalls

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12
Q

striations

A

parallel longitudinal lines seen in muscle tissue

appear as hyperechoic parallel lines running in the long axis of the hypoechoic muscle tissue

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13
Q

anteverted

A

position of the uterus

fundus is tipped slightly forward

most common

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14
Q

anteflexed

A

position of uterus

the fundus bends forward toward the cervix

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15
Q

broad ligament

A

broad fold of peritoneum draped over the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries

contain the uterine blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

cardinal ligament

A

wide bands of fibromuscular tissue arising from the lateral aspects of the cervix and inserting along the lateral pelvic floor

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17
Q

estrogen

A

hormone secreted by the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle that stimulates the development of female reproductive structures

promotes the growth of endometrial tissue during proliferative phase

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18
Q

mesosalpinx

A

upper portion of the broad ligament that covers the fallopian tubes

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19
Q

ovarian ligament

A

extends from the inferior and/or medial pole of the ovary to the uterine cornua

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20
Q

ovum

A

female egg released from the ovary during ovulation

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21
Q

perimetrium

A

serous membrane covering the uterus

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22
Q

progesterone

A

hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps prepare and maintain the endometrium for arrival and implantation of an embryo

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23
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid

also known as the pouch of Douglas

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24
Q

retroflexed

A

position of the uterus

fundus bends posteriorly upon the cervix

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25
Q

retroverted

A

position of the uterus

entire uterus is tipped posteriorly so that the angle formed between the cervix and the vaginal canal is greater than 90o

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26
Q

round ligament

A

originate at the uterine cornua

holds uterus forward in its anteverted position

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27
Q

space of retzius

A

between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis

contains extraperitoneal fat

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28
Q

suspensory ligament

A

extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

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29
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

posterior part of the cardinal ligament that extends from the cervix to the sacrum

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30
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

area in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the uterus

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31
Q

corpus luteum

A

yellow body formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation that produces estrogen and progesterone

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32
Q

amenorhhea

A

absense of menstruation

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33
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

pain with menstruation

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34
Q

FSH-follicle stimulating hormone

A

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of graafian follicles in the ovary

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35
Q

gonadotropin

A

hormonal substance that stimulates the function of the testes and the ovaries

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36
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

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37
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

It stimulates ovulation and induces lutenization of the ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum

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38
Q

menarche

A

generally happens between 11 and 13 yrs of age

marks the beginning of menstruation

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39
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstruation

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40
Q

menses

A

flow of blood and cellular debris that occurs during menstruation

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41
Q

menorrhagia

A

abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods

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42
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

abnormally light menstrual periods

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43
Q

premenarche

A

time in young girls before they begin menstruating

(physiologic status of prepuberty-the time before the onset of menses)

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44
Q

adenexa

A

structure or tissue next to or near another related structure

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45
Q

coronal plane

A

refers to a horizontal plane through the longitudinal axis of the body to image structures from anterior to posterior

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46
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterine cavity

appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound , depending on the menstrual cycle

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47
Q

introitis

A

opening or entrance into a canal or cavity

(ex. vagina)

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48
Q

myometrium

A

middle layer of the uterine cavity

appears very homogenous on ultrasound

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49
Q

parity

A

number of live births

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50
Q

translabial

A

across, or through, the labia

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51
Q

transperineal

A

across, or through, the perineum

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52
Q

cornu

A

any hornlike projection

refers to the fundus of the uterus, where the fallopian tube arises

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53
Q

arcuate vessels

A

small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus

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54
Q

internal os

A

inner surface of the cervical os

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55
Q

pourcelot resistive index

A

a doppler measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak

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56
Q

proliferative phase early

A

days 5-9 of the menstrual cycle

endometrium appears as a single thin stripe with a hypoechoic halo encompassing it

creates the three-line sign

57
Q

proliferative phase late

A

days 10-14 of menstrual cycle

endometrium increases in thickness and echogenicity

58
Q

pulsatility index

A

doppler measurement that uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean

59
Q

secretory phase

A

days 15-28 of menstrual cycle

endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity, with posterior enhancement

60
Q

sonohysterography

A

catheter filled with saline solution or contrast medium to fill the endometrial cavity to look for abnormalities in the cavity or uterine tubes

61
Q

S/D ratio

A

the difference between peak systole and end diastole

62
Q

cervical polyp

A

hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix

may be broad-based or pedunculated

63
Q

cervical stenosis

A

acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal

64
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

pain associated with menstruation

65
Q

ectocervix

A

portion of the canal of the uterine cervix that is lined with squamous epithelium

66
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity

67
Q

gartner’s duct cyst

A

small cyst within the vagina

68
Q

nabothian cysts

A

benign tiny cysts within the cervix

69
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

most common type of cervical cancer

70
Q

adenomyosis

A

benign invasive growth of the endometrium that may cause heavy, painful menstrual bleeding

71
Q

curettage

A

scraping with a curet to remove the contents of the uterus

72
Q

metrorrhea

A

irregular, acyclic bleeding

73
Q

intramural fibroid

A

most common type of leiomyoma

deforms the myometrium

74
Q

submucosal fibroid

A

type of leiomyoma found to deform the endometrial cavity and cause heavy or irregular menses

75
Q

subserosal fibroid

A

type of leiomyoma that may become pedunculated and appear as an extrauterine mass

76
Q

endometrial carcinoma

A

malignancy characterized by abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity

ususall associated with irregular bleeding perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

77
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

benign condition that results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without the influence of progestin

frequent cause of bleeding

78
Q

endometrial polyp

A

pedunculated or sessile well-defined mass attached to the endometrial cavity

79
Q

endometriosis

A

condition that occurs when functioning endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus

80
Q

hematometra

A

obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of blood

81
Q

hydormetra

A

obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of fluid

82
Q

pyometra

A

obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of pus

83
Q

tamoxifen

A

an antiestrogen drug used in treating some breast carcinomas

reported to cause growth in leiomyomas

84
Q

androgen

A

substance that stimulates the development of male characteristics

(testosterone and androsterone)

the ovaries will synthesize some of these and convert them to estrogens

85
Q

cystadenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor that forms cysts

86
Q

cystadenoma

A

benign adenoma containing cysts

87
Q

corpus luteum cyst

A

small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogen to prevent menses if fertilization occurs

88
Q

dermoid tumor

A

benign tumor composed of hair, muscle, teeth, and fat

89
Q

follicular cyst

A

benign cyst within the ovary that may occur and disappear on a cyclic basis

90
Q

functional cyst

A

cyst that results from the normal function of the ovary

91
Q

meigs syndrome

A

benign tumor of the ovary

It is associated with ascites and pleural effusion

92
Q

mucinous cystadenoma

A

benign tumor of the ovary

it contains thin-walled multiocular cysts

93
Q

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the ovary

it contains multiocular cysts

94
Q

ovarian carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the ovary

it may spread beyond the ovary and metastasize to other organs via the peritoneal channels

95
Q

ovarian torsion

A

the partial or complete twisting of the ovarian pedicle on its axis

96
Q

paraovarian cyst

A

account for about 10% of adnexal masses

97
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation

(ovaries do not release an egg)

98
Q

serous cystadenoma

A

2nd most common benign tumor of the ovary

usually unilateral and smaller than mucinous cysts

99
Q

serous cystadenocarcinoma

A

makes up 60-80% of all ovarian carcinomas

smaller than mucinous cysts and may spread to the lymph nodes

100
Q

theca-lutein cyst

A

largest of the functional cysts

appear as very large, bilateral multioculated cystic masses

associated with high HCG levels and hyperstimulation of the ovaries

101
Q

chlamydia trachomatis

A

organism that causes a great variety of diseases

including genital infections in men and women

102
Q

endometrioma

A

localized tumor of endometriosis

most often found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, rectovaginal septum, and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus

103
Q

endometritis

A

infection of the endometrium of the uterus

104
Q

hydrosalpinx

A

fluid in the fallopian tube

105
Q

pyosalpinx

A

pus within the inflamed fallopian tube

106
Q

myometritis

A

infection of the myometrium

107
Q

oophoritis

A

infection of the ovary

108
Q

parametritis

A

infection of the uterine serosa and broad ligaments

109
Q

salpingitis

A

infection of the fallopian tubes

110
Q

tubal ovarian abcess

A

infection of the fallopian tube and the ovary

111
Q

embryo transfer

A

procedure done after IVF

the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix

112
Q

ZIFT

(zygote intrafallopian transfer)

A

a type of IVF

the fertilized eggs are transferred 24hrs later into the fallopian tubes

113
Q

GIFT

(gamete intrafallopian transfer)

A

sperm and egg are mixed together and then inserted into the fallopian tubes

114
Q

IVF

(in vitro fertilization)

A

type of fertilization done outside the body

sperm and ova are fertilized in a dish and then transferred to the uterus 3-5 days later

115
Q

OHSS

(ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome)

A

enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts

usually seen in patients who have undergone ovulation induction

116
Q

intrauterine insemination

A

semen is introduced into the vagina by mechanical or instrumental means instead of through sexual intercourse

117
Q

ovulation induction therapy

A

controlled ovarian stimulation with chlomid or gonadotropins

118
Q

Iuds-types

A

can cause PID

119
Q

Transvaginal

A

observing inside the body through the vagina

120
Q

probe disinfecting

A

transducer should be wiped clean with disinfectant

then soaked in another disinfectant (most are now nonglutaraldehyde based-Cidex OPA) for 10-20min

then rinsed with water

121
Q

vaginal cuff

A

what is seen in hysterectomy patients after surgery

usually no bigger than 2cm

122
Q

PID

(pelvic inflammatory disease)

A

term that includes all pelvic infections such as:

endometritis, salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, tubo ovarian abscess)

123
Q

germ cell ovarian cancer

A

derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad

dysgerminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, transdermal sinus tumor

124
Q

pedunculated fibroids

A

fibroid that hangs by a stalk

125
Q

dextroverted/detroflexed

A

the entire uterus tilts to the right

126
Q

endometrial polyps

A

pedunculated or sessile well defined mass attached to the endometrial cavity

127
Q

uterine hyperplasia

A

abnormal thickening of the endometrial lining of the uterus

128
Q

D & C

A

procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus

129
Q

didelphys uterus

A

uterine anomally consisting of 2 uterus, 2 cervix, 2 vaginas

130
Q

bicornate uterus

A

uterine anomally consisting of 2 uterus, 1 cervix, 1 vagina

131
Q

septate uterus

A

two endometrial cavities without a fundal notch

132
Q

T-shaped uterus

A

uterine anomally caused by the exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero

133
Q

% of American couples who are infertile

A

Infertility affects approx 1 in 3 couples

134
Q

segments of fallopian tubes

A

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

interstitial portion

135
Q

mullarien ducts

A

pair of ducts that give rise to the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of vagina

anomalies cause didelphys uterus, bicornate uterus, septate uterus

136
Q

three line sign

A

seen on ultrasound during the proliferative phase

(functional and basal layers)

137
Q

functional layer

A

part of the three line sign seen during the proliferative phase

138
Q

basal layer

A

part of the three line sign seen during the proliferative phase

139
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase

follicle is released

luteal phase

Fall:OB/GYN (5 decks)

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