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Fall:OB/GYN > Test3:Review > Flashcards

Test3:Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What structure carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC?

A

the veins carry oxygenated blood

the arteries carry deoxygenated blood

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2
Q

what is the term that indicates the fetal head is towards the fundus of the uterus?

A

breech

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3
Q

what are the three vessels found in the umbilical cord?

A

one vein

two arteries

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4
Q

which vessel shunts the blood away from the fetal lungs?

A

ductus areteriosus

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5
Q

What is the 4 quadrant fluid assessment?

A

AFI

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6
Q

What is MVP?

A

maximum vertical pocket

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7
Q

What is the test to perform fetal well being?

A

biophysical

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8
Q

what is a normal AFI?

A

5-20cm

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9
Q

What are the numbers that indicate oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios?

A

MVP:

oligo- <2cm

poly- >8cm

AFI:

oligo- <2cm

poly- >24cm

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10
Q

what measurement do we use for cord Doppler?

A

25-29wks: 4.0

29-34wks: 3.3

34-40wks: 3.0

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11
Q

what is a false knot of the umbilical cord?

A

blood vessels are longer than the cord, folded on themselves

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12
Q

what is a true knot?

A

actual knot, may be single or multiple, may be formed when a loop of cord is slipped over the infant’s head or shoulders

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13
Q

what are fetal membranes comprised of?

A

chorion

amnion

allantois

yolk sac

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14
Q

chorion

A

originate from trophoblastic cells and remains in contact with trophoblasts throughout preg

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15
Q

amnion

A

develops at 28th menstrual day, is attached to margins of embryonic disk

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16
Q

allantois

A

tubular extension of the endoderm of the yolk sac, becomes umbilical vessels

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17
Q

yolk sac

A

circular structure seen between 4-10wks gest, supplies nutrition

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18
Q

what is the decidual basalis?

A

decidual reaction that occurs between the blastocyst and the myometrium

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19
Q

what is the decidua capsularis?

A

reaction occuring over blastocyst closest to endometrial cavity

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20
Q

what is the decidua vera (parietalis)?

A

reaction except for areas beneath and above implanted

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21
Q

what is the maternal side of the placenta? fetal side?

A

maternal-basal plate

fetal- chorionic plate

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22
Q

major functions of the placenta:

A

respiration

nutrition

excretion

protection

storage

hormonal production

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23
Q

respiration

A

transfer of oxygen from maternal blood across the placental membrane into fetal blood is by diffusion

the placenta acts as fetal lungs

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24
Q

nutrition

A

water, inorganic slats, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamins pass from maternal blood through the placental membrane into fetal blood

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25
excretion
waste products cross membranes from fetal blood and enter maternal blood excreted by mother's kidneys
26
protection
some microorganisms cross the placental border
27
storage
carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, and iron are stored in placenta and released into fetal circulation
28
hormonal production
produced by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta: human chorionic gondatropin (hcg), estrogens, progesterone
29
what is a velamentous placenta?
umbilical cord insertion on the surface of the placenta in the membranes
30
what is a battledore insertion?
the insertion of the umbilical cord at the margin of the placenta within 10mm of the edge
31
what is a marginal or an accentric insertion of the placenta?
battledore insertion
32
what is the primary cause of placentomegaly?
placentomegaly- placenta weighing more than 600g primary cause-diabetes
33
what are percreta, accrete, increta? which is worse?
placenta accrete- superficially to myometrium; mild placenta increta- deep into myometrium; moderate placenta percreta- through the myometrium; severe
34
what is an accessory lobe of the placenta?
succenturiate placenta; occurs in 3-6% of pregnancies
35
what is a low pressure bleed of the placenta?
marginal
36
what is marginal?
most common type and is a sub chorionic bleed (low pressure bleed)
37
what is partial?
just about to cover the cervical os, but doesn't cover it all the way
38
what is a previa?
implantation of the placenta over the internal cervical os
39
what maternal abnormalities demonstrate a small placenta?
intrauterine growth restriction intrauterine infection aneuploidy
40
what maternal abnormalities demonstrate a large placenta?
maternal diabetes maternal anemia x-Thalassemia Rh sensitivity Fetomaternal hemorrhage Chronic intrauterine infections Twin-twin transfusion syndrome congenital neoplasms fetal malformations
41
what is vasa previa?
placenta covering the cervix, cord insertion at cervix
42
what is circumvallate placenta?
condition where the chorionic plate is smaller than the basal plate, the margin is raised with a rolled edge
43
what is circummarginate placenta?
chorionic place of the placenta is smaller than the basal plate, with a flas interface between the fetal membrane and the placenta
44
what is the chorion frondosum?
portion of chorion that develops into fetal portion of placenta; site where water exchanged freely between fetal blood and AF across amnion
45
Amniotic Band Syndrome
associated with abnormality in fetal membranes; common, non-recurrent cause of various fetal malformations involving limbs, craniofacial region, trunk
46
Amniotic sheets, shelves, or folds
identified as echogenic, nonfloating bands crossing through amniotic cavity, do not cause fetal malformations, most likely signify uterine synechiae
47
what regulates the amount of amniotic fluid?
AF volume increases rapidly during 1rst trimester fetus swallows fluid, reabsorbed by GI tract, recirculates through kidneys increased AF production in 1rst trimester by 20wks gest, AF volume increases by 10ml/day fluid produced by fetal urination slightly exceeds amount removed by fetal swallowing
48
conditions associated with polyhydramnios
central nervous system (CNS) disorders gastrointestinal (GI) problems CNS disorders cause depressed swallowing GI abnormalities result in ineffective swallowing that are often caused by a blockage (atresia) of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or small bowel
49
conditions associated with oligohydramnios
congenital anomalies IUGR post term preg rupture of membranes (ROM) iatrogenesis hypertension preeclampsia chronic cardiac disease connective tissue disorders patients receiving indomethacin
50
functions of the amniotic fluid
allows fetus to move freely within amniotic cavity maintains intrauterine temperature protects developing fetus from injury
51
when is the amniotic fluid at its greatest?
18-20wks gest
52
what is the cause of a patient having persistant polyhydramnios?
diabetes
53
how do sonographers typically evaluate AF?
eyeball assessment
54
what is the debris in the AF?
vernix caseosa particulate matter intra-amniotic blood intra uterine meconium passage
55
oligohydramnios could be attributed to:
congenital abnormalities IUGR post term preg (42wks) rupture of membranes (ROM or PROM) chorionic villus sampling Iatrogenesis
56
polyhydramnios (hydramnios) volume
\> 2,000 ml
57
hydrops
disparity between amounts of serous fluid being produced and absorbed
58
hydrops indications:
pleural effusions ascites cardiac effusion skin edema anasarca
59
hydrops fetal findings:
enlarged umbilical cord polyhydramnios placental edema enlarged liver and spleen in many cases, highly associated with mortality
60
Immune hydrops
associated with alloimmune hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis fetalis) or rhesus (Rh) isoimmunization maternal blood sampling and history of previously affected fetus extremely important for preg management
61
nonimmune hydrops
presence of abnormal accumulations of fluid in fetal body and/or skin is associated with numerous conditions and causes
62
nonimmune hydrops causes
may be sporadic condition or associated with numerous other causes cardiac insufficiency one of the most common causes cardiac insuffiency can result from cardiac anomalies (tumors) or arrhythmias (tachycardia)
63
placenta infarcts
focal, discrete lesion caused by ischemic necrosis common, about 25% of preg, usually small with no clinical significance large infarcts may reflect underlying maternal vascular disease acute, subacute, and chronic stages majority hyperechoic in acute stage, ultrasound may be unable to distinguish them from intraplacental hemorrhages calcification may occur over time
64
placentomegaly-how many grams does placenta weigh?
600g
65
ductus venosus
connects the umbilical vein to the IVC and allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and return directly to the heart
66
ductus arteriosis
communicating structure that carries oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, closes after birth

Fall:OB/GYN (5 decks)

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