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Fall:OB/GYN > Test2:Review > Flashcards

Test2:Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of holoprosencephaly and which is the most serious?

A

alobar-most serious

semilobar

lobar

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2
Q

What is the cavity in which the fetus exists?

A

amniotic cavity

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3
Q

What are the lab tests that indicate pregnancy?

A

hCG test

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4
Q

Where is the 1st site of red blood cell formation that will nourish the embryo?

A

primary yolk sac

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5
Q

What is the difference between menstrual and embryonic age?

A

menstrual age(gestational age)-calculated from the 1st day of the last normal menstrual period

embryonic age(conceptual age)-calculated from when conception occurs

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6
Q

What are monochorionic, monoamniotic, dichorionic, and diamniotic?

A

monochorionic-one chorionic sac, one yolk sac

monoamniotic-one amniotic sac, one yolk sac

dichorionic-two chorionic sacs

diamniotic-two amniotic sacs

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7
Q

What is decidua capsularis? (understand ring around pregnancy)

A

villi covering developing embryo

Interface between decidua capsularis and echogenic, highly vascularized decidua on opposite wall of endometrial cavity forms double decidual sac sign

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8
Q

When will hCG levels plateau?

A

8 wks

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9
Q

When do the chorion and amnion fuse?

A

16 wks

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10
Q

When should you see the first heartbeat?

A

5 1/2-6wks

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11
Q

MSD-what size indicates a problem when you can’t see the yolk sac?

A

> 8mm

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12
Q

How do we measure MSD?

A

length(mm)+width(mm)+height(mm)/3=MSD

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13
Q

What is the first structure visualized in the gestation sac?

A

secondary yolk sac

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14
Q

What is the normal size of the yolk sac?

A

normal diameter should not exceed 6mm

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15
Q

When should we see the abdominal contents back in the fetus?

A

descends into fetal abdomen at about 11th wk

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16
Q

What is the normal cystic are in the head?

A

choroid plexus cyst-should be gone by 25wks

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17
Q

What should a normal gestational sac look like?

A

shape-round or oval

position-fundal or middle portion of uterus; a center position relative to endometrium (double decidual sac or intradecidua finding)

contour-smooth

wall(trophoblastic reaction)-echogenic

internal landmarks-yolk sac present when gestational sac is >12mm; embryo present when gestational sac in >18mm

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18
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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19
Q

What are all the different stages follicle to implantation?

A

mature ovum-released at day 14

fertilization-occurs 1-2 days after conception

morula-16 cell (zygote forms 16 cell morula)

blastocyst-further cell proliferation brings the morula to this stage, enters uterus 4-5 days after ovulation

implantation-completed within 12 days post fertilization

time of implantaion until end of 10th wk-embryo

after 10wks-fetus

20
Q

1800 m/u hCG

A

should see a heartbeat (normal gestational sac can be seen)

21
Q

What are the differnt cavities?

A

amniotic cavity-cavity in which the fetus exists

amnion(amniotic membrane)-separates the amniotic and chorionic cavities

chorionic cavity-surrounds the amniotic cavity and contains the yolk sac

chorion-outermost extraembryonic membrane

22
Q

what side is the conceptus on?

A

fetal/embryonic side

decidua basalis-portion on the myometrial or burrowing side of the conceptus

23
Q

how quickly will the gestational sac grow?

A

gestational sac grows at a rate of 1mm/day

24
Q

​measure CRL up to 12wks, then how is the baby measured?

A

individual parts

25
Q

what do hCG levels do everyday?

A

they double

26
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy, where are the potential sites, and what is the most common location?

A

ectopic-pregnancy located outside the uterus

potential sites: isthmic-top of uterus(interstitial portion-most serious-massive hemorrhage or death)

tubal-within fallopian tubes(most common-approx 95% of cases)

ovarian-within ovary

peritoneal-abdominal

cervical-results in full hysterectomy

27
Q

what is an ovum without an embryo?

A

anembryonic pregnancy or blighted ovum

28
Q

what are gastrochisis and omphalocele?

A

abdominal contents are outside of baby (herniation of bowel-normally goes back approx 11th wk)

gastrochisis-no membrane, surgery is performed right after birth and abdominal contents are placed back inside body

omphalocele-membrane, associated with genetic abnormalities (Tri 13 and 18)

29
Q

what is acrania?

A

partial or complete absence of the cranium (mickey mouse head)

predecessor of anencephaly

AFP unusually high

30
Q

what is ancephaly?

A

absence of brain and cranial vault

AFP unusually high

31
Q

what is cephalocele?

A

midline herniation, protrusion of the brain from the cranial cavity (herniation of brain and meninges)

Western Hemisphere defect primarily occipital

32
Q

what is iniencephaly?

A

rare neural tube defect in which brain tissue protrudes through a fissure in the occiput so that the brain and spinal cord occupy a single cavity (open spinal defect)

33
Q

what is Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

6th-7th wk gestation, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle

dysgenesis or agenesis of cerebellar vermis and hydrocephally

34
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

occurs when failure of neural tube to close after 6wks gestation

spinal irregularities or bulging within posterior contour of fetal spine and extrusion of the mass from vertebral column

cranial signs-lemon sign(scalloping frontal bones), banana sign(curved appearance of cerebellum)

35
Q

what is Turner’s syndrome?

A

nonlethal genetic abnormality in which chromosomal makeup is 45XO instead of normal 46XX or XY

only happens in females

born with no ovaries

fetus detected with cystic hygroma in 2nd and 3rd trimester

36
Q

fibroids in pregnancy

A

early-must be identified in reference to the location of the placenta

3rd trimester-identified in reference to the cervix

37
Q

what is the hemorrhage between the gestational sac and placenta?

A

subchorionic hemorrhage-most common occurrence of bleeding in 1st trimester

38
Q

when do corpus luteum cysts regress?

A

typically regress between 16-18wks

39
Q

ectopic pregnancy-associated risk factors

A

rise in incidence of pelvic infections

use of intrauterine contraceptive devices

fallopian tube surgeries

approx 10% of maternal deaths related to ectopic pregnancy

infertility treatments

history of ectopic pregnancy

40
Q

what is a pseudogestational sac?

A

decidual reaction with fluid present within the uterus in a patient with an ectopic pregnancy (intrauterine saclike structure found in approx 20% of patients with ectopic)

41
Q

clinical findings associated with ectopic pregnancy

A

vaginal bleeding

empty uterus

presence of adnexal mass

positive pregnancy test

does not produce normal hCG levels

42
Q

typical heart rates

A

typical heart rate: 120-160bpm

embryonic activity should always be seen by 46 menstrual days or when CRL > 4mm

6wks: rates of 90-115bpm
9wks: rates of 140-160bpm

late 1rst-2nd trimester: approx 140bpm

bradycardia: <90bpm (poor prognosis)
tachycardia: >170bpm, moves to hydrops-plueral fluids, pericardial fluids, and acites develop, then blood transfusion

43
Q

when can you see the bladder?

A

10-12wks

44
Q

what happens to hCG levels in trophoblastic disease?

A

hCG levels are dramatically elevated, often >100,000 IU/ml

45
Q

what is a heterotopic pregnancy?

A

pregnancies outside and inside the uterus

Fall:OB/GYN (5 decks)

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