Key Words

Question 1

Affect Mirroring

Answer 1

socialization process by which parents interpret their child’s emotional states and reflect them back to them in a manner that demonstrates how to regulate affect (Holodynski & Friedlmeier)

Question 2

Affect Optimization

Answer 2

optimizing well-being through the use and experience of emotions exemplified in the work of M. Powell Lawton with older adults (Labouvie-Vief, Medler; QMagai)

Question 3

Affect Reciprocity

Answer 3

In dyadic communication, how one member of a dyad reciprocates the valence of emotion demonstrated by the other (i.e.: reciprocating positive affect with positive affect, negative with negative, positive with negative or negative with positive)

Question 4

Affect Valuation Theory

Answer 4

a theory that proposes that ideal affect of how you would ideally like to feel in certain situations varies from one culture to another (Tsai)

Question 5

Affective Schemas

Answer 5

Mental representations of relatively stable modes of reacting emotionally that are influenced by the processes of assimilation or accommodation (Piaget)

Question 6

Affective Social Competence

Answer 6

The ability to effectively manage affect, communicate an awareness and acceptance of affect in self and others, and to be responsive to others’ affective communications (Halberstadt, Denham, Dunsmore)

Question 7

Alexithymia

Answer 7

a maladaptive condition in which individuals have difficulty describing their own feelings and states of emotional arousal

Question 8

Authentic Self-Esteem

Answer 8

feeling good about the self in a way that shows a balance between humility and vanity and that involves making realistic attributions about the self based on specific situations, tasks, and one’s own behaviours (Mruk, Lewis)

Question 9

Autobiographical Memories

Answer 9

memories of the self that situate a person across time and space and that give emotions meaning to the person’s life stories and identities (Fivush, Nelson, Fitzgerald, McAdams)

Question 10

Background Emotions

Answer 10

Observable shifts over time in indicators of emotion in the face, body language, muscle tone and gestures (Damasio, Feldman)

Question 11

Behavioural Epigenetics

Answer 11

a field of study that examines social and physical environmental effects on the epigenome. The focus is on examining changes in the epigenome at various points in time and as passed on across generations (Cicchetti, Keating, Lester, Conradt, Marsit)

Question 12

Behavioural Inhibition

Answer 12

A temperamental quality characterized by low reactivity to the environment and inhibited behaviours when confronted with novel stimulation (Kagan)

Question 13

Brain Plasticity

Answer 13

the idea that structural and functional aspects of the brain change in a flexible manner over the course of development and in reaction to the environment

Question 14

Broaden and Build Theory

Answer 14

theory that maintains that positive emotions help to build a strong foundation of trust in the environment and thus leads to the creative consideration of broader possibilities and the promotion of well-being of happiness (Frederickson)

Question 15

Callous-Unemotional Traits

Answer 15

a deficit in the ability to experience and demonstrate prosocial emotions, remorse, guilt and empathy (DSM-5)

Question 16

Canalization

Answer 16

the constraining or narrowing of options or pathways as development proceeds (Waddington)

Question 17

Coercive Parenting

Answer 17

parenting style in which a repetitive negative cycle of emotional interacting and coercion develops between the parent and the child (Patterson, Forgatch, DeGarmo)

Question 18

Cognitive Appraisal

Answer 18

though processes that involve how people evaluate, interpret, and give meaning to their emotional experiences (Arnold, Lazarus)

Question 19

Cohort Effects

Answer 19

group differences that are due to commonalities of a generation rather than age

Question 20

Collectivistic

Answer 20

describes cultures in which emphasis is places more on the group needs and value maintenance than on the individual’s needs and rights (Triandis)

Question 21

Conceptual Metaphor

Answer 21

using a more concrete emotion concept, such as “boiling with anger” to stand for an abstract one, such as “anger” (Kovecses, Lakoff, Johnson)

Question 22

Conceptual Metonymy

Answer 22

using part of an emotion concept (drop in temperature with fear) such as having “cold feet”, to stand for another part or the whole emotion concept such as “fear” (Kovecses, Lakoff, Johnson)

Question 23

Coping Flexibility

Answer 23

ability to flexibly switch from using one coping strategy to another, an ability that is especially important when the controllability of a situation changes (Cheng)

Question 24

Core Relational Themes

Answer 24

fundamental theme underlying each emotion that reveals how cognition is linked to motivation. Evident during encounters between a person and an environment that can result in harm or benefits to the person (Lazarus)

Question 25

Cultural Genogram

Answer 25

family tree examining two or more generations with an emphasis on the various ethnic background and cultural values that may coincide or be in conflict with each other (Hardy, Laszloffy)

Question 26

Cumulative Protections

Answer 26

protective factors (including preventative interventions) that can accumulate over time and thus pile up and add to resilience (Yoshikawa)

Question 27

Decoding (judgement) Accuracy

Answer 27

Accurately interpreting the intended emotional feeling conveyed by someone else

Question 28

Defensive Self-Esteem

Answer 28

feeling goo about the self due to an exaggerated, unrealistic and excessive sense of either self-worth or competence or both (Mruk)

Question 29

Depression Composite

Answer 29

a composite of variables that assess self-worth, affect and feelings of hopelessness that together predict suicidal ideation (Harter, Marold, Whitesell)

Question 30

Developmental Psychopathology

Answer 30

an approach to research and clinical work that considers continuities and discontinuities in development over the lifespan, and adaptive and maladaptive functioning with relatively [more emphasis on prevention and resilience than diagnosis and treatment]* (Rutter, Sroufe)

Question 31

Differential Susceptibility

Answer 31

a model of biological susceptibility to the influence of the environment in which a person may be more susceptible to both risks in adverse environments and to enhances development in enriches environments (Boyce, Ellis)

Question 32

Differentiation and Dynamical Integration (DDI)

Answer 32

perspective that integrates theories of emotional expressions with a dynamic system point of view. Physiological, cognitive and social aspects of development along with conscious self-awareness become integrated and organized and result in specific emotions such as anger, sadness, fear or happiness (Camras)

Question 33

Difficult Temperament

Answer 33

(Chess, Thomas)

Question 34

Display Rules

Answer 34

implicit or explicit rules learned within social and cultural settings that specify how, when where, and with whom emotions can be expressed (Ekman, Friesen)

Question 35

Dual Failure

Answer 35

model in which children with conduct disorder show deficits both academically and socially (Patterson, Stoolmiller)

Question 36

Dyadic Coping

Answer 36

joint efforts made by dyad partners to cope with stress to address their common goals (Bodenmann)

Question 37

Dyadic Reciprocity

Answer 37

collaboration between family members of a dyad as they interact harmoniously to accomplish the goals of a joint activity (Feldman, Bamberger, Kanat-Maymon)

Question 38

Dyadic Stress

Answer 38

stressful life experiences that affect both members of dyads in the family at about the same time and place (Bodenmann)

Question 39

Dynamic Systems

Answer 39

construct derives from mathematics and physics that has been applies to psychology. various components oof a single system may develop or change independently of each other but may coalesce and stabilize at a given point in time as they are attracted to a particular attractor state (Thelen, Smith)

Question 40

Easy-Going Temperament

Answer 40

(Chess, Thomas)

Question 41

Effortful Control

Answer 41

temperamental quality that involves the ability to inhibit and regulate behaviours (Rothbart, Putnam, Evans)

Question 42

Elaborative Reminiscing Style

Answer 42

involves the parents adding new details and relevant new information while guiding a child's interpretations as the child remembers past emotional events (Fivush, Nelson, Laible, Panfile)

Question 43

Emotion Acceptance, Awareness and Coaching

Answer 43

the three underlying component processes that are important for parental meta-emotion philosophy and socialization of emotion in children (Gottman)

Question 44

Emotion Scripts

Answer 44

Scripts for the causes and consequences of specific emotions linked to common events and routines within a given culture (Saarni, White, Widen, Russell)

Question 45

Emotional Attunement

Answer 45

(Gottman)

Question 46

Emotional Biases

Answer 46

a bias towards particular emotional experiences and expressions in personality over time that are nonetheless subject to possible change (Magai)

Question 47

Emotional Competence

Answer 47

age-appropriate ability to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of other's and own emotions. (Saarni)

Question 48

Emotional Self-Efficacy

Answer 48

feeling that you have the capacity, skills and resources needed to achieve a desired emotional outcome (Saarni)

Question 49

Emotionally Focused Family Therapy (EFFT)

Answer 49

(Johnson)

Question 50

Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)

Answer 50

therapy in which the processing of emotions is targeted by facilitating awareness during emotion arousal, emotion regulation, reflection on emotions, and transformation of their meaning (Greenberg)

Question 51

Emotion-Related Socialization Behaviours (ERSBs)

Answer 51

emotion-relevant parenting practices meant to teach children about their own and others' emotions and how, when, and where to display or control emotions according to the situation or culture (Eisenberg, Cumberland, Spinrad)

Question 52

Epigenome

Answer 52

functional layer of genetic information that contains genetic markers that result from interactions with the environment (Lester, Conradt, Marsit)

Question 53

Ethnic Gloss

Answer 53

use of a broad geographical area hold the same views (i.e.: Asia); to avoid ethnic gloss, it's helpful to specify regions or countries wherever possible (Trimble, DIckson)

Question 54

Executive Functions

Answer 54

set of cognitive skills that include inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility that assist individuals in regulating attention, behaviour and emotions (Obradovic)

Question 55

Expression Accuracy

Answer 55

conveying the intended emotional feeling accurately for others to interpret through non-verbal channels

Question 56

Externalizing Disorder

Answer 56

disorders in which the primary features are behavioural misconduct and angry disruptions that disturb others

Question 57

Facial Feedback

Answer 57

hypothesis that emotional feelings arise from arousal feedback originating in skin changes (i.e.: flushed, goosebumps) and muscle movements (Tomkins, McCarter)

Question 58

Facial Mimicry

Answer 58

mimicry of another person's facial expression such as when an adult opens his or her mouth in surprise and an infant mimics the expression (Meltzoff, Moore)

Question 59

Five Domains of Socialization

Answer 59

domains in which parents make attempts to socialize their children according to their goals. They are: protection, reciprocity, control, guided learning and group participation

Question 60

Four Horsemen of the Apolcalypse

Answer 60

Four behaviours that are part of a communication pattern that occurs when partners are on a pathway that predicts a break-up or divorce. They are: defensiveness, criticism, stonewalling and contempt (Gottman)

Question 61

Functional Neurocircuitry

Answer 61

connections or circuits between brain regions that serve particular functions

Question 62

Heterochronic

Answer 62

the idea that development is uneven with some components developing earlier than others

Question 63

Individualistic

Answer 63

a term that describes cultures in which emphasis is placed more on the individual's needs and rights than on group needs and value maintenance (Triandis)

Question 64

Interactional Synchrony

Answer 64

correspondence in the movements of infants to the speech sounds they hear in the social environment (Condon, Sander)

Question 65

Inter-Informant Agreement

Answer 65

a form of reliability in which the degree of agreement is assessed among various informants (i.e.: mother father or teacher) as they rate the same behaviours (i.e.: child's aggression)

Question 66

Internalization Theory

Answer 66

emotional expressions are signs for actions and serve a regulatory function. in infancy the signs are co-constructed and co-regulated with caregivers, but become increasingly internalized with increases in reflection and self-regulation in later development (Holodynski, Friedmeier)

Question 67

Intuitive Parenting

Answer 67

Parenting behaviours that have evolved to allow parents to intuitively respond to their infants' emotional and cognitive needs as the infants are learning (Papousek)

Question 68

Jealousy Complex

Answer 68

complexity of possible primary emotions, such as anger, fear or sadness that may underlie jealous feelings in a triad such as a parent with two siblings (Volling, McElwain, Miller)

Question 69

Launch and Grow Model

Answer 69

a model of adolescent depression that proposes that maternal depression launches risk factors for children that eventually lead to adolescent depression (Garber, Cole)

Question 70

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 70

The idea originating from Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf that perceptions and experiences, including those involving emotions, depend upon or are relative to the linguistic terms available to describe the perceptions and experiences (Lucy, Russell)

Question 71

Looking-Glass Self

Answer 71

The idea originating from Charles Horton Cooley that others affect how we view ourselves and their appraisals of us are reflected back to us (Franks, Gecas)

Question 72

Measurement Equivalence

Answer 72

measuring the same or equivalent underlying contructs with different groups of people who vary by age, gender or culture

Question 73

Mentalization

Answer 73

the ability to reflect on the internal mental states of self and others that develops during interactions with important others (Fonagy, Gergely, Target)

Question 74

Meta-Analyses

Answer 74

Compiling the results from a number of studies measuring the same contruct by taking the average of the strength of the relations among the variables that are common among the studies

Question 75

Mindful Parenting

Answer 75

the ability of parents to attentively engage in the process of mindful self- and other-awareness while parenting by reflecting on their parenting choices in the moment and by making intentional decisions with less possibility of later regrets (Duncan, Coatsworth, Greenberg)

Question 76

Mind-Mindedness

Answer 76

tendency in parents to treat their young children as thinking and feeling beings with minds of their own (Meins)

Question 77

Mirror Neurons

Answer 77

Neurons that are activated through direct experience and by observing or imitating another person (Rizzolatti, Craighero)

Question 78

Narrative Coherence

Answer 78

codable feature of oral or written narratives that assesses how complete and comprehensible the narrative is and how internally consistent the details are (Fiese, Waters, Fivush)

Question 79

Narrative Identity

Answer 79

life story created by a person to give his or life meaning (Bauer, McAdams, Pals)

Question 80

Negative Emotionality

Answer 80

temperamental quality that involves aspects of fear, anger and sadness (Rothbart, Putnam, Evans)

Question 81

Ontogenetic

Answer 81

Developmental changes that occur within individuals over the lifespan

Question 82

Orienting Sensitivity

Answer 82

temperamental quality that involves sensitivity to attending to stimulation within the self or the environment (Rothbart, Putnam, Evans)

Question 83

Orthogenetic Principle

Answer 83

principle that development proceeds over time from being less to more complex, differentiated, and hierarchically organized (Werner)

Question 84

Paralinguistic Features

Answer 84

features of language that convey meanings, including emotional meanings, such as sound patters, rhythms of speech, voice intonations and interjections. Such paralanguage may also be text-based and include the use of emoji and emoticons

Question 85

Parental Beliefs

Answer 85

mental representations that parents have about any aspect of their functioning as a parents (Sigel)

Question 86

Parental Embodied Mentalization (PEM)

Answer 86

parents' ability to consider the infant as a mentalistic partner while they are interacting non-verbally through facial expressions, bodily movements and making bodily contact (Shai, Belsky)

Question 87

Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy (PMEP)

Answer 87

how parents think and feel about their own emotions and those of their children (Gottman, Katz, Hooven)

Question 88

Parental Prearming

Answer 88

Parental attempts to prepare their children for how to handle possible future emotionally laden situations (Padilla-Walker)

Question 89

Parental Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Answer 89

parents' perception of their own capability of performing the role of being a parent (Coleman, Karraker)

Question 90

Perceived Physical Appearance

Answer 90

how individuals perceive and evaluate their physical appearance which then influences their sense of self-worth or worthiness of being liked or loved (Harter)

Question 91

Phylogenetic

Answer 91

changes that occur within species over historical time

Question 92

Possible Selves

Answer 92

possibilities for the kind of selves individuals aspire to be in the future, or the kind of selves they used to wish to be in the past (Markus)

Question 93

Pragmatics

Answer 93

features of communication patterns that convey the underlying social intentions and emotional meaning of a form of interaction, such as using polite, respectful terminology and greetings

Question 94

Primary Emotions

Answer 94

biologically based emotional reactions that are adaptive, or learned emotional reactions that are maladaptive that form the underlying foundation for the processing of emotions. Construct used in emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg)

Question 95

Probabilistic Epigenesis

Answer 95

developmental systems theory that emphasizes that higher forms or levels of complexity that emerge from earlier ones cannot be predictably determined from earlier ones and are thus probabilistic in nature (Gottlieb)

Question 96

Process Model of Emotion Regulation

Answer 96

five catefories of ways to regulate emotion: - selecting a situation relevant to goals - modifying the situation to regulate emotions in self or others - directing attention in the moment to regulate emotions - changing thoughts to reappraise the situation and thus alter emotions - modulating or altering emotional responses directly by attempts to enhance or suppress emotions (Gross)

Question 97

Qualia

Answer 97

unique conscious quality of how human sensory and perceptual experiences feel to the person having the experience (Ramachandran, Hirstein)

Question 98

Racial Socialization

Answer 98

efforts by older family members with younger ones to instil racial pride and enhance awareness and caution about how to counteract racial prejudice and discrimination (Evans, George)

Question 99

Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Interventions

Answer 99

interventions in which participants are randomly assigned to a manualized intervention or to a comparison group as a control; therapists who conduct the treatments are supervised and checks are made to ensure therapists follow the manual (Cicchetti)

Question 100

Reaction Range

Answer 100

term originating from Theodosius Dobzhansky and Irving Gottesman that was used in the past to refer to the limits on phenotype set by a person's genotype (Griffiths, Tabery)

Question 101

Redemptive Self

Answer 101

a common part of life narrative in which individuals first experience adversity that contaminates their life stories but then manage to resiliently overcome it leading to redemption (McAdams)

Question 102

Reference Values

Answer 102

Goals, standards and norms incorporated by individuals as they self-regulate and that eventually supersede their temperamental characteristics (Denissen)

Question 103

Regulatory Capacity

Answer 103

temperamental quality in infants similar to effortful control in children in which infants are able to stay focused and show pleasure in low-intensity activities (Shiner)

Question 104

Relational Intervention

Answer 104

intervention approach that emphasizes empathetically assisting mothers to understand the reasons for how they react to their infants, and then helping them to modify their interactions with the goal of improving their emotional relationship (Stronach, Toth, Rogosch, Ciccetti)

Question 105

Scaffolding

Answer 105

provision of appropriate resources, support, and assistance when engaging in the process of socialization (Vygotsky)

Question 106

Secondary Emotions

Answer 106

defensive emotional reactions that occur when primary emotional reactions are hindered or blocked. Construct used in emotion focused therapy (Greenberg)

Question 107

Secure Based Scripts

Answer 107

research paradigm in which a series of words is used to prompt participants to tell attachment-relevant stories (H.S. Waters, et al)

Question 108

Self Esteem Moments

Answer 108

important events or turning points during a person's life that have the potential to significantly influence a person's sense of self-worth or competence in either a positive or negative direction (Mruk)

Question 109

Self-Organizing Tendencies

Answer 109

term used in dynamic systems models that refers to the tendency for systems to be attracted to the goal of self-organizing and stabilizing in a preferred configuration given the current traditions (Thelen, Smith)

Question 110

Sequential Designs

Answer 110

combination of cross-sectional, longitudinal and time-lag research designs meant to optimize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages of each (Lerner)

Question 111

State of Action Readiness

Answer 111

consequence of emotion that prepares the organism to get ready to act, such as by approaching or avoiding (Frijda)

Question 112

Slow-To-Warm-Up Temperament

Answer 112

(Chess, Thomas)

Question 113

Still-Face Paradigm

Answer 113

research paradigm in which mothers hold a neutral facial expression and ignore their infants' bids for attention and responsiveness; this pattern often occurs in mothers who are depressed (Field, Tronick)

Question 114

Surgency

Answer 114

temperamental quality that involves positive emotions and a tendency to be social and outgoing (Rothbart, Putnam, Evans)

Question 115

Theory of Mind

Answer 115

belief system concerning the internal mental and emotional states of self and others (Bretherton, Beeghly)

Question 116

Three Primary Ethics

Answer 116

ethical values that are emphasized to varying degrees in different cultures. They are of autonomy, community and divinity (Shweder)

Question 117

Vitality Contours

Answer 117

Patterns of affective arousal in infants, such as accelerating, fading or explosive bursts that indicate how infants are experience and perceiving their environments (Stern)

Question 118

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 118

zone of learning and comprehension that is just beyond a student's current level. Effective teachers/parents provide challenging material within this zone and assist their students/children via scaffolding (Vygotsky)