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Anatomy > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What can periodontitis contribute to

A

Chronic inflammation in the body

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2
Q

What are the kidneys

A

Excretory organs
They process blood and rot the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

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3
Q

What is a main function of the kidneys

A

To maintain the internal homeostasis of fluid

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4
Q

Explain how the kidneys play an important role in maintaining blood pressure

A

They control levels of fluid and electrolytes such as sodium in the blood

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5
Q

What role do the kidneys play in red blood cell formation

A

They secrete the hormone erythropoietin which signals to the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells s

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6
Q

What is included in the anatomy of the urinary system

A
  • two kidneys (produce urine)
  • ureters (conveys urine)
  • bladder (stored)
  • urethra (void urine)
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7
Q

Where do the kidneys lie

A

Lie behind the peritoneal cavity they are encased in renal fat pad

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8
Q

What are the three distinct part of the kidneys

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
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9
Q

What is the function of the cortex

A

Contains 85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

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10
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

The site where urine is concentrated
Prevents excess water loss

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11
Q

What is the function of the pelvis

A

Collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

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12
Q

What artery supplies the kidneys

A

The renal artery delivers blood from the abdominal aorta

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13
Q

How much blood is processed per minute in the kidneys

A

Process 1.2 litres blood per minute (1/5 cardiac output)

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14
Q

Name the blood vessels of the kidneys

A
  • renal artery
  • segmental arteries
  • lobar arteries
  • interlobular arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • interlobular arteries
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15
Q

Describe the blood flow after the interlobular arteries

A

> afferent arterioles > globular capillaries > efferent arterioles > pertitubular capillaries (vasa recta) > interlobular veins

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16
Q

What is a nephron

A

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney

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17
Q

What is the function of the nephron

A

Structured optimally evolved to filter blood plasma…

And excrete waste products in the metabolism in urine

  • cortical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
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18
Q

Name the different parts of the nephron

A
  • glomerus
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting tubule

To ureter

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19
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the nephron

A

Glomerulus > bowman’s capsule > proximal convoluted tubule > loop of henle > distal convoluted tubule > collecting duct

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20
Q

What parts of the nephron are responsible for filtration

A

Glomerus
Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What is included in the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerus
  • bowman’s capsule
22
Q

What is the renal tubule composed of

A

-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

23
Q

What is the glomerulus

A
  • a network of fine capillaries
  • a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane
  • Fenestrated
  • enables rapid filtration of blood plasma
  • surrounded by bowman’s capsule
24
Q

What is bowmans capsule

A
  • a cup like structure surrounding the glomerulus
25
What is bowmans space filled with
Filtered from the blood is collected in the nephron
26
What is the parietal outer layer
simple squamous epithelium
27
What is the visceral (inner) layer comprised of
comprised of specialised epithelium
28
What are the long branched processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries called
Pedicels of podocytes
29
What forms the filtration barrier
The glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels form the filtration barrier
30
Describe the filtration barrier
Pedicels share basement membrane with the Fenestrated endothelium The filtration barrier freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells
31
What determines which molecules are filtered
Size and charge of filtration
32
What is the first step in blood processing called
Glomerular filtration
33
Describe the process of glomerular filtration
1) unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via and the afferent arteriole 2) blood components filtered through the filtration barrier 3) filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole
34
What is filtered in the blood
- sodium - chloride - calcium - phosphate - potassium - bicarbonate - water - glucose - amino acids - urea - creatinine
35
What is not filtered in the blood
- negatively charged proteins (albumin) - cells, large proteins (haemoglobin)
36
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into bowmans capsule
37
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- primarily driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure - counteracted by hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans capsule - counteracted by glomerular osmotic pressure
38
What is the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule
39
What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule
40
What is GFR influenced by
Influenced by many factors : - hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure - systemic blood pressure - renin-angiotensin system - disease
41
What is a normal healthy GFR
125ml/min
42
GFR = …
Kidney function
43
Reduced GFR =
Inefficient blood clearance and waste removal
44
What indicates kidney problems
Measuring serum creatinine higher than expected it may indicate the filtration rate isn’t working hence kidney problems
45
Describe stage 1 kidney function
Normal 90% or higher
46
Stage 2 kidney function
Mild loss of kidney function 60-89% function
47
Stage 3a kidney function
Mild to moderate loss of kidney function
48
Stage 3b kidney function
Moderate to severe 44%-30% function
49
Stage 4 kidney disease
Severe 15-29%
50
Stage 5 kidney disease
Kidney failure less than 15% function

Anatomy (13 decks)

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