kidney

Question 1

How is the PCT specialised?

Answer 1

• Many microvilli, greatly increasing SA.
• many mitochondria to provide ATP for AT

Question 2

How does the LoH act as a countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 2

• Creates concentration gradients with AT that result in the mvmt of substances from one place to another.

Question 3

What happens in the second section of the LoH?

Answer 3

• Na+ and Cl- are actively transported into the medulla fluid against the CG.

Question 4

What occurs in the DCT and CD?

Answer 4

Balancing the water needs of the body. Levels of ADH affect permeability to water.

Question 5

How are the cells lining the DCT adapted?

Answer 5

• many mitochondria for AT of

Question 6

How does water leave the CD?

Answer 6

• Osmosis, renal medulla is highly concentrated.

Question 7

How does ADH bring about a change in CD and DCT?

Answer 7

• secondary messenger model (cAMP)
• Vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with CSM on side facing medulla.
• These allow water to leave the CD into the medulla

Question 8

where are osmoreceptors found?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

where is ADH produced and secreted?

Answer 9

• hypothalamus
• posterior pituatary

Question 10

How are monoclonal antibodies made for preg testing?

Answer 10

• Inject mouse with hCG.
• The B-cells which make the desired Ab can be removed from the mouse’s spleen and fused with myeloma cells.
• This is called a hybridoma; produces millions of antibodies.
• They have small, coloured beads attached. Only bind to hCG.
• The line which confirms a positive test has immobilised mAbs which will only bind to the complex.
• The control line will bind only to mAbs.

Question 11

The presence of what substances in the urine can show kidney damage?

Answer 11

• protein
• glucose
• blood

Question 12

What can be the effects of kidney damage?

Answer 12

• loss of electrolyte balance
• toxic urea build-up
• high BP
• weakened bones (calcium and phosphorous losses)
• pain and stiffness in the joints due to abnormal proteins.
• anaemia - erythropoietin made in kidneys stimulates RBC formation.

Question 13

What are disadvantages of kidney transplant?

Answer 13

• Organs last for approx. 10 years.
• donors in short supply.
• Immunosuppressants.

Question 14

What are disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 14

• Invasive, must be done often.
• Diet must be monitored.
• ## Long term side effects