Kidney Structure and Function

Question 1

The paired organs in all vertebrates are kidneys, what do invertebrates have?

Answer 1

Nephridia

Question 2

List some key renal functions

Answer 2

• remove metabolic waste
• homeostasis
• endocrine

Question 3

How is urine formed?

Answer 3

Via processes involved in homeostasis and waste elimination

Question 4

What are some endocrine functions of the kidney?

Answer 4

• RBC production
• Vit D regulation
• BP regulation

Question 5

What percentage of CO actually enters renal filtration?

Answer 5

22%

Question 6

What are the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys?

Answer 6

Renal arteries (right off aorta)

Question 7

Where do renal veins drain?

Answer 7

Caudal vena cava

Question 8

The outer layer of the kidney is termed the _______________

Answer 8

fibrous capsule

Question 9

What can you find in the renal cortex?

Answer 9

• glomeruli
• proximal and distal convoluted tubule

Question 10

The Loop of Henle and the collecting ducts are in the renal ____________

Answer 10

medulla

Question 11

Where do the renal papillae drain into?

Answer 11

minor Renal calyces

Question 12

The renal pelvis drains the ?

Answer 12

Major renal calyces

Question 13

Define the nephron

Answer 13

Functional unit of the kidney

Question 14

T/F Nephrons can be replaced

Answer 14

False, animals are born with a fixed number

Question 15

List the 5 main sections of a nephron

Answer 15

• glomerulus
• prox convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule
• collecting duct

Question 16

The majority of the renal anatomy is build around the _______________

Answer 16

Production of urine

Question 17

Urine is the product of ___________ and _______________

Answer 17

homeostasis and waste elimination

Question 18

What is the term for where everything enters/leaves kidney?

Answer 18

Renal Hilum

Question 19

Through where does the blood travel through in the renal cortex?

Answer 19

Up connective tissue between renal pyramids

Question 20

The bundle of capillaries form the ___________, which is what filters the plasma

Answer 20

glomerulus

Question 21

Into which structure is the glomerulus filtering plasma?

Answer 21

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 22

In which part of the kidney does significant changes are made to the filtrate, ie change in pH, electrolyte composition, etc?

Answer 22

Renal cortex

Question 23

Where is urine concentration determined?

Answer 23

Renal medulla

Question 24

The ___________________ provides the mechanism to concentrate urine.

Answer 24

Loop of Henle

Question 25

Where does concentration of urine in the medulla occur ?

Answer 25

Collecting duct

Question 26

The renal medulla consists of __________.

Answer 26

Renal pyramids

Question 27

The renal pyramids drain into a ____________, where all the collecting ducts come together.

Answer 27

papillae

Question 28

Where do the major calyces drain into?

Answer 28

Renal pelvis

Question 29

How fluid homeostasis maintained through the kidneys?

Answer 29

through excretion of water

Question 30

Urine would be concentrated or diluted with dehydration?

Answer 30

Concentrated (water reabsorbed)

Question 31

If blood pressure is increased, what is happening to water?

Answer 31

Excreted (excess)

Question 32

With increased urination and thirst, there is also a risk for hypotension, what would this be a consequence of?

Answer 32

Being unable to concentrate urine

Question 33

List some consequences of being unable to dilute urine

Answer 33

- hypertension - fluid overload - pulmonary/peripheral edema -ascites

Question 34

If blood is in a hypertonic environment, what will happen to Na?

Answer 34

It will be drawn out with water

Question 35

If blood is in a hypotonic environment, what will happen to Na?

Answer 35

It will be drawn into cells

Question 36

What are the key components of action potentials?

Answer 36

Sodium and potassium

Question 37

A low head carriage would be a sign of?

Answer 37

Kidney dz

Question 38

Extreme muscle weakness is associated with ________________

Answer 38

Hypokalemia

Question 39

In ______________, you would see hyperpolarization of cardiac myocytes, arrhythmias, and bradycardia

Answer 39

Hyperkalemia

Question 40

How can kidneys control body pH?

Answer 40

by reabsorbing H or HCO3-

Question 41

Excess _______ is converted into H+ in combination with the lungs and kidneys.

Answer 41

CO2

Question 42

What are the primary waste products ?

Answer 42

Byproducts of protein (nitrogenous)

Question 43

When N is released by liver or bacteria, what is formed that can be toxic?

Answer 43

NH#3 - ammonia

Question 44

How many ammonia combine to form urea in the liver?

Answer 44

2

Question 45

With poor kidney functions, there is a _____________(decreased/increased) of uremic toxin elimination?

Answer 45

Decreased

Question 46

Where would you find ulcers associated with uremic toxemia?

Answer 46

mucosal surfaces

Question 47

What are the two ways drugs can be renally excreted?

Answer 47

Active or metabolized

Question 48

List 2 consequences of poor renal function if a patient is on medication

Answer 48

- drug toxicity with a safe dose - prolonged action of drugs

Question 49

What receptors are present in the kidneys to respond to changes and produce an endocrine reaction?

Answer 49

Stretch (pressure) and chemoreceptors (electrolytes and pH)

Question 50

When blood O2 drops, the kidneys produce _______ to signal bone marrow to make more RBCs.

Answer 50

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 51

What is released in response to low BP by the kidneys?

Answer 51

Renin

Question 52

With renin, what are 3 systemic effects seen?

Answer 52

- Sodium and water resorption - vasoconstriction

Question 53

Which vitamin is produced in the kidneys?

Answer 53

Vitamin D in response to low Ca

Question 54

What is the most common kidney disease in small animals?

Answer 54

CKD

Question 55

List some signs seen with CKD

Answer 55

- increased thirst/urination - dehydration - hypokalemia/weakness - anemia - increased uremic toxins (nausea and decreased apetite)