kidney, urine and electroLIT balance Flashcards
(29 cards)
Which of these statements accurately describes metabolic water?
A There is no difference between metabolic water and ingested water.
B Metabolic water is formed when organic food molecules are aerobically catabolized.
C Metabolic water is formed when inorganic food molecules are anaerobically catabolized.
D None of the above
OPTION B
Which of the statements is true for Freshwater?
A Freshwater contains a very high concentration of solutes.
B Freshwater has a very high osmotic pressure.
C There is no difference between fresh water and seawater.
D Fresh water has a very low concentration of solutes compared to seawater.
OPTION D
Q8. Which statement accurately describes the Proximal Tubule?
A The PT is the region on the nephron where maximum reabsorption takes place.
B The PT is responsible for water reabsorption.
C The PT is heavily involved in counter current multiplication.
D The main role of PT is maximum water reabsorption.
OPTION A
around 70-80 % of glomerular filtrate us slevtively reabsorbed here and goes back to blood
it has lots of microvilli to do this and special pumps, cotransporters and mitch!
> option d is descending limb of HEnle
Which statement is true for the vasa recta?
A The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that are directly involved in blood pressure regulation.
B The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that are surround the heart.
C The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that surround the JMN and assist in maintaining a concentration gradient across the nephron.
D None of the above.
OPTION C
where are oxytocin nd ADH prodcued
the posterior pituitaey
The bladder is lined with……………epithelium
Transitional epithleium
What is the difference between a stenohaline and euryhaline animal?
Stenohaline animals tolerate a narrow range of salt concentrations whereas Euryhaline animals tolerate a large range
> haline = SALT
What type of regulators are freshwater fish?
hypoosmotic
isoosmotic
hyperosmotic
Hyperosmotic regulator. WHY? freshwater has a low level of sodium (0.35) and therefore all freshwater animals regulate their blood osmotic pressures at levels hyperosmotic to freshwater.
average length of urethra in female and male 2-3cm and 16cm 4-5cm and 20cm 16cm and 2-3cm 20cm and 4-5cm
4-5cm and 20cm
How are the cells of the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) similar?
A The cells of the small intestine and PCT contain and secrete digestive enzymes.
B The cells of the small intestine and PCT contain microvilli.
C They are both composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.
D They are both composed of simple columnar epithelium.
option B
villi are on the APICAL surface facing the lumen to increase the S.A
> villi on intesine are 1-layer simple columnar in intestine
What type of regulation does a shrimp have? A osmotic conformer B iono conformer C osmotic regulator D iono regularot
osmoregualtor so maintain constant internal osmolarity regardless of environment.
> takes alot of energy to do this
What type of connective tissues surrounds and protects the kidneys?
adipose tissue
Which section of the kidney has no tight junctions and is therefore very permeable to water?
descending limb
where are the kidneys located?
> located either side of the midline on the posterior wall of the abdomen
located between T12-L3 thoracic vertebrae ?>behind the parietal peritoneum
The macula densa send chemical signals to the juxtaglomerulus cells when osmolarity of the intertubular fluid drops. Baroreceptors also sense the decrease in arterial blood pressure. Do these changes…
A stimulate Juxtaglomerulus cells to secrete renin
B stop juxtaglomerulus cells from secreting renin (inhibition)
C
stimulate Juxtaglomerulus cells to secrete renin
> juxtaglomerular and granular cells the same thing
Which region of the nephron is impermeable to water? A descending limb B collecting sucts C proximal tubule D ascending limb E glomerulus
ascending limb
Which type of animal can tolerate the widest variance in water salinity? A Heterohaline B Stenohaline C Anthrohaline D Euryhaline E Oligohaline
Euryhaline animals tolerate wide variances of salt concentration!
> Stenohaline animals tolerate only a narrow range of salt concentration.
> The rest don’t exist!
are integuments and epithelia of marine fishes
A permeable to water
B poorly permeable to water
Integuments and epithelia of marine fish are poorly penetrable to water
> the seawater has higher osmolarity than the internal environment of the fish.
>Marine fish will drink water and absorb it via gut epithelia,
>high salt in seawater. low salt in marine fish so water will want to leech out (osmosis).
so impermeable integuments prevents water loss
true or false: the hypothalamsus and pituitary are involved in porduction of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
fALSE¬
sympahtetic NS allows renin release External factors (change in [Salts]) stimulates RAAS (Renin angiotensin system), converting angiotensinI to angiotensinII. Angiotensin II stimulates the production of aldosterone.
Where is the Bowman’s renal capsule and distal convoluted tubule located in the kidney?
A medulla
B cortex
cortex
What is the definition of a conformer?
aquatic animals that have the osmolarity and ion composition of their interstitial fluids (water and ion balance) the same or nearly the same as surrounding water, even when the composition of the latter changes.
Conformers tend to have the same osmotic pressure as the external environment e.g. musccles
Along the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) ……………..is reabsorbed, while along the ascending limb………………is reabsorbed.
water in descending and salt in ascending
> > loop of Henle creates low water potential and high ion conetrated area to maximise water reabsorption
naem an adapiation of a destert animal in relation to conserving water and eelctroylte balance
longer loop of henle
> makes sure urine is as concetrated as possible, conserving the water
What is the effect of ADH on urine?
A More ADH, the more dilute urine
B More ADH, the more concentrated urine
C No effect on urine
B More ADH, the more concentrated urine
AS IT opens up antiporters so more water gets reabsorbed acting of CD and DCT
