muscular + skeletal suppport systems

Question 1

functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 1

movement ,posture and heat generation

Question 2

name the lever systems used in muscle action

Answer 2

1st class     moving head up, changing directions
2nd class   standing on tiptoes
3rd class    moving loads quickly

Question 3

where would you have muscles that are muscle-to- skin?

Answer 3

facial expression

Question 4

-muscle contraction-

what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?

Answer 4

isotonic is where you have constant tension but variable length
>concentric for shorten
> eccentric for lengthen
isometic is when you have constant length (METRIC)

Question 5

-muscle contraction-

give an example of isometric contraction

Answer 5

when you abduct, the DELTOID muscle undergoes concentric and it is ALSO in isometic contraction too!

Question 6

-muscle contraction-

which muscle is the prime mover in flexion of elbow

Answer 6

the bicep is the agonist/prime mover and the tricep is the antgoniser/controls the movement

Question 7

what are the component of muscle

Answer 7

conctractile cells which form the muscle belly and are t the functional unit = muscle fibre
connective tissue which connects tendons and allows blood vessels to enter

Question 8

why is it advantgeous to have many muscle fibres?

Answer 8

you can proudce alot of force with alot of muscle fibres but there is less range of movement

Question 9

name the shapes of a muscle fibres can form

Answer 9

paralell, circular, convergent and pennate (feather)

Question 10

somethig about tendons

Answer 10

myotendinous junction - most injury/ damage

osteotendinous junction

Question 11

Which of the following options is not a primary function of skeletal muscles?
A to generate movement of the body
B To ensure food is pushed through the digestive system
C To generate heat by shivering
D To maintain posture

Answer 11

OPTION B

as that is a function of smooth muscle

Question 12

Which of the following describes skeletal muscle?
Striated and involuntary
Non-striated and involuntary
Straited and voluntary

Answer 12

OPTION C

Question 13

Which of these is an example of a saddle synovial joint?
Elbow
Wrist
Thumb
Shoulder

Answer 13

thumb! i knew that

Question 14

Vascular bundles are surrounded by...
A Parenchyma
B Chlorenchyma	
C Schlerenchyma
D Collenchyma

Answer 14

OPTION C

Question 15

What bone type is the scapula? (THE SHOULDER BIT)
Long 
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular

Answer 15

flat

Question 16

What type of contraction is it if the muscle has a constant length?
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

Answer 16

OPTION C

Question 17

What is the function of a tendon?
Support bone cells
Transfer force of muscle pull to bone
Add thickness to muscles

Answer 17

OPTION B

Question 18

Which component of bone, produces new bone (ossification)?
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

Answer 18

OSTEOBLASTS

> do bone deposition

Question 19

The vertebrae are a form of which type of bone classification?
short 
flat
irregular
sesmoid
long

Answer 19

IRREGULAR

Question 20

How many true rib pairs do we have?
2
3
5
6
7

Answer 20

7 true rib pairs

Question 21

Which of the following statements describes a 2nd class lever system?
Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end

Joint in the middle with force at one end and resistance at the other

Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end

Answer 21

OPTION A e.g tiptoes/trying to move whole body weight

Question 22

Where is the site of red blood cell production?
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Heart

Answer 22

red bone marrow

Question 23

Which of the following statements describes a 1st class lever system?
Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end

Joint in the middle with force on one end and resistance at the other

Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end

Answer 23

OPTION B moving head up / changing directions

Question 24

How many pairs of ribs are there?
8 (4 true, 4 false)
10 (6 true, 4 false)
10 (5 true, 5 false)
12 (7 true, 5 false)
12 (8 true, 4 false)

Answer 24

7 AND 5

true - as it joins both to the back (vertebral collum) and front (sternum
false - joins only to back and 3 of them hitchhike by cartilidge, 2 of them are floating!

Question 25

roughly how many bones and how is the skeletal system organised?

Answer 25

Human skellyton has 206 bones but we ~350 axial and appendicular skeleton > skull, vetebral collum: cervical,thoracic(ribcage),lumbar,coccyx, > upper and lower limbs for dexterity and SUPPORT

Question 26

name some functions of the skeletal system

Answer 26

``` support agaisn gravity determines shape of bodies work as levers with muscles to facilitate joint movement mineral sotre for calcium and phosphates site of red+white blood celles ```

Question 27

what is an osteoblast?

Answer 27

immature bone cell located on the bone surfaces/ periosteum+ endosteum they secrete bone matrix (help to build bone)

Question 28

what is an osteoclast?

Answer 28

multinucleate cells derived from white blood cells (monocytes) they secrete enzymes which remove and break down bone (bone RESORPTION this is useful in the repair and growth of bone

Question 29

what is osteocyte?

Answer 29

mature bone cell embedded in the bone they can sense and detect the loading star shaped/stellate

Question 30

describe the anatomy of a long bone (limb)

Answer 30

epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis - growth plate

Question 31

name the connective tissue layers within a bone

Answer 31

endosteum which lones the inner layer made of cellular connective tissue periosteum which lines the outside of bone and is fibrous and vascular to heal bone also medullary cavity which has yellow marrow and adipose tissue

Question 32

how do bones adapt to loading? | WOLFFS LAW

Answer 32

the trabechulae can respond and adapt. they are alligned along lines of principle stress

Question 33

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

Answer 33

spongy is lighter and found at the ends of bone (trabeculae) compact is on the outside but vaires in thickness on the periphery of bone

Question 34

what is the bone composition and how do they affect the properties of bone?

Answer 34

67% inorganic which gives stiffness and ridgitiy | 33% organic which gives flexibility

Question 35

types of bone classification

Answer 35

long short flat irregular sesmoid

Question 36

joint classification

Answer 36

fibrous joints permit little movement (skull sutures) cartilaginous joints permit some movement as they have a layer of hyaline cartiladge also secondary cartilaginous with layer of firbrocartilidge e.g. intervertebral disc syonovial joint with synovial fluid and joint capusle

Question 37

describe a synovial joint

Answer 37

the ends of the bone are covered with aticular cartilage. the joint cavity contains synovial fluid and reduces friction encolosed by a joint capusule

Question 38

name types of synovial joints (6 alltogether)

Answer 38

gliding shoulder woth clavicle and scapular hinge elbow, only allows one planar move ball and socket shoulder, allows range of movement ellipsoid wrist saddle thumb to hand pivot head to neck, allows rotation

Question 39

``` Which of the following options secretes Synovial fluid? Synovial membrane Synovial capsule Synovial fingers Synovial Cartilage ```

Answer 39

OPTION A

Question 40

``` Which of the following statements is most true of short bones? Found in the wrists and ankles Provide strength and stability Tend to be equal in width and length All of the above ```

Answer 40

ALL OF THEM! | > long bone is longer than width hence the name hahaha

Question 41

``` What is not a characteristic of a cartilaginous endoskeleton? A bouyant B avascular C thin D rigid E flexible ```

Answer 41

OPTION D | > avascular means that it is lack of blood vessels

Question 42

Which of the following joints permit the least amount of movement? A Fibrous joint B Cartilaginous joint C syanovial joint

Answer 42

Fibrous joints consist of fibrous tissue, such as Collagen which joins the bones together and thus permits little to no movement. Cartilaginous joints permit some movement. Synovial joints permit movement due to the bones not being in contact with each other.

Question 43

What type of bone cell is described as being stellate? (arranged in a star pattern) osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast

Answer 43

osteocyte

Question 44

Which of the following options is not a function of the Axial skeleton? A To provide protection B To act as a muscle attachment site C To provide leverage for moving our limbs D To provide support E To protect my brain from a falling toaster

Answer 44

OPTION C | > as that option is for the appendicular (limb) skeleton!!)

Question 45

the three planes?

Answer 45

frontal/coronal transverse/axial medial/saggital

Question 46

~movement~ | supnation and pronation

Answer 46

sup is going upwards

Question 47

~movement~ | addution and abduction

Answer 47

abduction is away from medial plane as you flail your arms about in a kidnap

Question 48

~movement~ | flexion and extension

Answer 48

angle decresases flexion

Question 49

~direction~ | superior and inferior

Answer 49

> only for upper arms

Question 50

~direction~ | anterior and posteria

Answer 50

also known as ventral and dorsal

Question 51

~direction~ | proximal and distal

Answer 51

> only on limbs/ 2 points of the same area

Question 52

advantages of hollow tubes

Answer 52

they are structurally stronger than something solid of the same mass

Question 53

examples of hollow tubes in plants and animals

Answer 53

vascular bundles - xylem are dead hollow tubes | bone marrow - added strength despite the use of red and yellow marrow

Question 54

why are hollow tubes important

Answer 54

they provide efficient and effectvie support. Hollow is structurally stronger and more resilient to bending than a solid tube but it can sometimes be size limiting in plant such as in smaller dicotelydons > also endoskelton is size limiting

Question 55

describe the hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 55

it is hydrostatic so a capusle of fluid is enclosed by 2 muscle layers and anchor by bristles. The circular muscles contract to narrow the body and the longitudinal muscle acts to shorten/lengthen the body > as seen in peristalsis

Question 56

describe the exoskeleton and endoskeleton

Answer 56

strong and light, flexible at joints and often has chitin for protection but it can be size limiting and as it molts it makes organism vunerable > as seen in athropods and molluscs made up of cartildge and develops into bone. Light flexible and can resist tension

Question 57

what tissue is in the pith of a plant?

Answer 57

parenchyma -Pith with thin cell walls | collenchymaa - cortex with thicker walls for flexibility

Question 58

A concentric contraction is described as? muscle gets shorter when it contracts, constant tension muscle lengthens, constant tension muscle contracts but stays the same length

Answer 58

OPTION A

Question 59

What does the term 'digastric' mean? stationary or more fixed end of a muscle when muscles cross more than one joint so contraction affects 2 joints. two muscle bellies connected by a tendon more moveable end of the muscle none of the above

Answer 59

OPTION C | gastric = stomach but in this case this means the muscle belly

Question 60

Where is the endosteum? In the epiphysis Lining the medulla cavity Around the outside of the bone

Answer 60

The endosteum is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the boney tissue forming the medullary cavity.