Kidneys

Question 1

Where is the macula densa located?

Answer 1

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 2

What is the macula dens a sensitive to?

Answer 2

sodium concentration

Question 3

When the macula densa detects a decrease in sodium it interprets it as what?

Answer 3

decreased blood pressure

Question 4

In response to decreased sodium in blood, the macula dens a fires onto which structure, causing vasodilation?

Answer 4

Afferent arteriole

Question 5

The macula densa causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles in response to low sodium in the blood.

Answer 5

False; causes vasodilation

Question 6

When afferent arteriole dilates, what is stretched to release renin?

Answer 6

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 7

Juxta glomerular cells wrap around the afferent

arteriole.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Renin combines with angiotensin goen to form what?

Answer 8

Angiotensin l

Question 9

Angiotensin I becomes Angiotensin II by what?

Answer 9

ACE converting enzyme in the lungs

Question 10

Where is Angiotensinogen made?

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

What is the most powerful vasoconstrictor know to mankind?

Answer 11

Angiotensin ll

Question 12

Angiotensin II has its greatest effect on which arteriole?

Answer 12

efferent arteriole

Question 13

What is the effect of Angiotensin 11 on the efferent arteriole

Answer 13

vasoconstriction

Question 14

What kind of blood fluid volume control involves opening up the artery coming into the glomerulus and closing off the artery leaving the glomerulus to mechanically increase blood pressure?

Answer 14

Physical blood fluid volume control

Question 15

Angiotensin II goes where to secrete aldosterone?

Answer 15

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

Question 16

Aldosterone affects what area of the nephron?

Answer 16

distal convoluted tubules

Question 17

What is the primary action of aldosterone?

Answer 17

saving sodium

Question 18

What is the secondary action of aldosterone?

Answer 18

excreting potassium

Question 19

In hormonal control of blood fluid volume, what picks when sodium levels rise in the blood?

Answer 19

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 20

What is the action of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to a rise of sodium levels in the blood?

Answer 20

release of ADH/Vasopressin

Question 21

ADH has its greatest effect on which part of the nephron?

Answer 21

collecting ducts

Question 22

What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?

Answer 22

makes them permeable to water (normally impermeable)

Question 23

As water leaks out of collecting ducts in response to ADH, what kind of pressure of the peri tubular capillaries picks it up?

Answer 23

oncotic pressure

Question 24

What happens in response to water reabsorption due to ADH?

Answer 24

water is returned to the blood to dilute sodium concentration, shutting off ADH

Question 25

What is the effect of angiotensin Il on the heart?

Answer 25

Increases: Blood flow to heart, preload and cardiac output, and BP

Question 26

In urine production, the fluid in the collecting ducts will enter the renal pyramids through what structure?

Answer 26

papillae

Question 27

What is the correct passage of urine leaving collecting ducts?

Answer 27

papilla → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder

Question 28

Which portion of the bladder do the ureters empty into?

Answer 28

posterior bladder (trigone)

Question 29

What portion of the bladder is anterior to the psoas major?

Answer 29

posterior bladder (trigone)

Question 30

Urine production result from what 3 processes?

Answer 30

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, | tubular secretion

Question 31

The male urethra is broken up into how many segments?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

Which segment of the male urethra is known as | the membranous urethra?

Answer 32

segment 3

Question 33

What does the membranous urethra pass through?

Answer 33

the urogenital diaphragm, which is in the deep perineal pouch

Question 34

What condition describes when the penile urethra comes out on top of the penis?

Answer 34

Epispadias

Question 35

What condition describes when the penile urethra comes out the bottom of the penis?

Answer 35

Hypospadias

Question 36

What is Peyronies Disease?

Answer 36

curvature of the penis due to scar tissue

Question 37

What is the most common cause of Peyronies Disease?

Answer 37

Surgery

Question 38

What part of the pen is is responsible for erection?

Answer 38

Corpus cavernosa

Question 39

Which muscle voids the bladder?

Answer 39

Detrusor muscle

Question 40

Except for Nat, everything is absorbed in which portion of the nephron?

Answer 40

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 41

How many renal pyramids are in each kidney?

Answer 41

8- 12/Kidney

Question 42

Which part of the renal pyramids includes the nephron, PCT, DCT, and the Glomerulus?

Answer 42

Cortex

Question 43

Which part of the renal pyramids includes the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts?

Answer 43

Medulla

Question 44

What are the invaginations between renal pyramids?

Answer 44

renal columns

Question 45

What are foot-like processes in the kidneys called?

Answer 45

Podocytes

Question 46

Where are podocytes located and for what function?

Answer 46

Bowman's capsule for filtration