Lungs

Question 1

What occurs when hemoglobin becomes more acidic binding with oxygen causing carbon dioxide and H + protons to be expelled into the alveoli on expiration?

Answer 1

Haldane Effect

Question 2

What effect in the lungs happens on expiration?

Answer 2

Haldane Effect

Question 3

What effect in the lungs happens on inspiration?

Answer 3

Bohr effect

Question 4

What is the Bohr effect in the lungs?

Answer 4

Hemoglobin binds 4 O2

Question 5

The Bohr effect at the lungs causes a decrease in what?

Answer 5

H+, Co2, Temp, DPG (Disphosphoglycerate)

Question 6

What is the Bohr shift in the lungs?

Answer 6

shift to the left

Question 7

The Bohr effect at the lungs causes an increase in what?

Answer 7

O2 and pH

Question 8

What is the Bohr effect in the Tissues?

Answer 8

Hemoglobin releases O2

Question 9

The Bohr effect at the tissues causes an increase in what?

Answer 9

H+, Co2, Temp, DPG (Disphosphoglycerate)

Question 10

What is the Bohr shift at the tissues?

Answer 10

shift to the right

Question 11

The Bohr effect at the tissues causes a decrease in what?

Answer 11

O2 and pH

Question 12

O2 and CO2 have what relationship during the Bohr effect?

Answer 12

Inverse

Question 13

Tidal Volume (TV) is equal to

Answer 13

normal breathing

Question 14

Tidal volume is controlled by what?

Answer 14

pneumotaxic center

Question 15

What is the largest reserve for breathing?

Answer 15

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 16

The Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is equal to what?

Answer 16

forced inspiration

Question 17

Which lung volume fires the Herring-Breuer reflex?

Answer 17

Tidal volume

Question 18

Which lung volume shuts off the Herring-Breuer reflex?

Answer 18

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 19

What shuts off the pneumotaxic center?

Answer 19

Apneustic center in Pons

Question 20

The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is equal to what?

Answer 20

forced expiration

Question 21

The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is controlled by what muscle?

Answer 21

rectus abdominus

Question 22

What is another name of Residual volume (RV)?

Answer 22

Reserve volume

Question 23

What is the purpose of Residual Volume?

Answer 23

keeps lungs from collapsing

Question 24

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

Answer 24

IRV + TV

Question 25

What is Functional Residual Capacity?

Answer 25

ERV + RV

Question 26

Vital capacity is equal to

Answer 26

IRV + TV + ERV (IC + ERV)

Question 27

What is total lung volume?

Answer 27

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Question 28

Air in the pulmonary tree not involved with gas exchange is called what?

Answer 28

Dead space

Question 29

Respiration is controlled by what?

Answer 29

the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus

Question 30

What tissue type does the entire lung have, except for the alveolar sacs?

Answer 30

Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar

Question 31

What is the lung histology of smokers?

Answer 31

stratified squamous

Question 32

What lung histology do alveolar sacs have?

Answer 32

simple squamous epithelium

Question 33

Which pneumocytes are responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 33

Type 1

Question 34

Which pneumocytes are responsible for surfactant production?

Answer 34

Type 2

Question 35

What does lung surfactant do?

Answer 35

decreases surface tension of lungs

Question 36

What disorder involves a lack of surfactant at birth?

Answer 36

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome AKA Neonatal Hyaline Membrane DX

Question 37

What are macrophages of the lung called?

Answer 37

Dust cells

Question 38

What is the alveolar pressure during normal quiet inspiration?

Answer 38

slightly negative

Question 39

What is the alveolar pressure during expiration?

Answer 39

slightly positive

Question 40

Air pressure that opposes alveolar pressure is called what?

Answer 40

Atmospheric pressure

Question 41

What is the pressure of fluid in the thin space between lung pleura & the chest wall?

Answer 41

Pleural pressure

Question 42

Is pleural pressure negative or positive?

Answer 42

negative

Question 43

Which pressure keeps lungs open to their resting level?

Answer 43

pleural pressure

Question 44

What is the difference between alveolar pressure and Pleural pressure?

Answer 44

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 45

What is another name for "transpulmonary pressure"?

Answer 45

recoil pressure

Question 46

What is lung pressure compliance?

Answer 46

how far the lungs will expand per unit of increased transpulmonary pressure

Question 47

Lung pressure compliance is based on what 2 factors?

Answer 47

1. elastic forces of lungs itself | 2. surface tension of fluids in & around the lung

Question 48

Water is 20x more absorbable to O2 than CO2.

Answer 48

False; 20x more absorbable to CO2 than O2

Question 49

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 49

the brain stem

Question 50

What are Central chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

Answer 50

An increase in CO2, secondary to decrease in O2

Question 51

Where are Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?

Answer 51

carotid body and Aortic body

Question 52

What are Peripheral Chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

Answer 52

decrease in O2 and increase in CO2

Question 53

What is a common symptom of decreased O2 to the brain?

Answer 53

Headache

Question 54

What is the "Hamburger shift"?

Answer 54

Chloride shift

Question 55

What is the purpose of chloride shift?

Answer 55

Keeps pH constant from 7.35-7.45

Question 56

What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bicarbonate ion?

Answer 56

70%

Question 57

What occupies 23% of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Answer 57

carbamino hemoglobin

Question 58

What percentage of CO2 is freely diffused in the blood?

Answer 58

7%

Question 59

Carbonic anhydrase is an irreversible enzyme

Answer 59

False, it is reversible

Question 60

What is the carbonic anhydrase reaction?

Answer 60

converts H2O + CO2 ← → H+ + HCO3

Question 61

What is the purpose of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 61

Balances the pH by breathing off CO2