Kidneys

Question 0

Renal vein

Answer 0

Takes ‘cleaned’ blood away from the kidneys

Question 1

Vena cava

Answer 1

Main vein returning blood to the heart

Question 2

Aorta

Answer 2

Main artery supplying oxygenated blood to the body

Question 3

Renal artery

Answer 3

Bring blood containing ‘waste’ to the kidneys

Question 4

Urethra

Answer 4

Carries urine out of the body

Question 5

Ureters

Answer 5

Carry urine to the bladder

Question 6

Bladder

Answer 6

Muscular sac that stores urine (700cm3)

Question 7

Sphinder muscle

Answer 7

Keeps bladder closed

Question 8

Medula

Answer 8

Lighter middle layer of kidney

Question 9

Pelvis

Answer 9

Central cavity which collects urine

Question 10

Cortex

Answer 10

Darker outer layer

Question 11

Nephron

Answer 11

Filtration unit (where urine is produced)

Question 12

Mouth waste products and process

Answer 12

Carbon dioxide
Water
Exhalation

Question 13

Skin waste products and process

Answer 13

Miner ions 
Salt
Water 
Urea 
Sweating

Question 14

Kidney waste products and process

Answer 14

Urea
Water
Salts
Mineral ions
Urine

Question 15

Main role of kindneys

Answer 15

The main function of the kidneys is to get rid of waste such as urea, extra water and extra salts

Question 16

Substances in dirty blood

Answer 16

Urea, proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water

Question 17

Substances in urine

Answer 17

Urea, salt and water

Question 18

Substances in clean blood

Answer 18

Urea (little), proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water

Question 20

Summarise what happens when there is low water in blood

Answer 20

• hypothalamus detects from osmoreceptors
• pancreas secretes ADH
• collecting ducts made more permeable
• more water is re absorbed into the blood stream
• less urine is produced

Question 20

Structure of nephron

Answer 20

Glomerulus inside Bowmans capsule
Then proximal convoluted tubule 
Loop of Henlè
Distile convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 21

Summarise what happens when there is high water in blood

Answer 21

• no ADH secreted
• collecting ducts more permeable
• less water reabsorbed into bloodstream
• more urine produced

Question 22

Selective re absorption

Answer 22

In proximal convoluted tube
Useful molecules reabsorbed
Water moves back via osmosis
Urea stays in filtrate

Question 23

Ultrafiltration

Answer 23

Small molecules are filtered out of blood
Large molecules remain as they can’t go though the gaps in glomerulus to Bowmans capsule
Passive

Question 24

Where is the salt concentration adjusted

Answer 24

Loop of Henlé

Question 25

Where is the pH and water concentration adjusted

Answer 25

Distil convoluted tubule

Question 26

Where is the water concentration adjusted

Answer 26

The collecting duct

Question 27

What is filtered out of blood in ultra flirtation

Answer 27

``` Water Urea Glucose Salt Amino acids ```

Question 28

How to changes in blood vessels cool someone down

Answer 28

The vasodilate so more blood is circulated around the surface of the face and more heat is lost via radiation

Question 29

What is reabsorbed into blood in selective reabsorption

Answer 29

Amino acids Salt Water Glucose

Question 30

What is homeostasis

Answer 30

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

Question 31

How do ultrafiltration and reabsorption differ

Answer 31

``` UF= passive, most molecules, Bowmans capsule and glomerulus SR= active, some molecules, loop of Henlè and distil convoluted tube ```

Question 32

What molecules stay in blood during ultrafiltration

Answer 32

Proteins, water, amino acids, red blood cells, glucose, salt

Question 33

What organ produces ADH

Answer 33

Pituitary gland

Question 34

How does ADH travel

Answer 34

In the bloodstream

Question 35

What do amino acids do in the digestive system

Answer 35

Taken into bloodstream to cells and used to build new proteins

Question 36

What happens to extra amino acids

Answer 36

Liver destroys them

Question 37

What two molecules are produced from destroying amino acids

Answer 37

Keto acid and ammonia

Question 38

Why is ammonia converted into urea

Answer 38

It is toxic

Question 39

Why is Kidney failure life threatening

Answer 39

Osmotic problems and you can't excrete toxins such as ammonia and urea

Question 40

What is the principle of dialysis

Answer 40

To artificially replicate what would happen in the kidney

Question 41

What is the fluid around the blood in a dialysis machine called

Answer 41

Dialisate or dialysis fluid

Question 42

How does a dialysis machine work

Answer 42

Urea, excess salt and excess water diffuse through the semi permeable membrane into the dialysis fluid and this fluid is discarded

Question 43

How does dialysis control glucose levels

Answer 43

The dialysis fluid will contain optimum glucose levels and so if the blood contains too much/too little than glucose will follow the concentration gradient and go in/out of blood

Question 44

What vessels and tubes are connected to a transplanted kidney

Answer 44

Renal artery, renal vein and transplanted ureter

Question 45

Where are kindeys placed in a transplant and why

Answer 45

Lower abdomen because easier to access, not close to spinal cord, vessels are shorter, don't need to remove pervious kidney, close to bladder

Question 46

What is kidney failure

Answer 46

The inability of the kidneys to excrete waste and function properly

Question 47

What is organ rejection

Answer 47

Immune system at tasks the donor kidney

Question 48

What is the nephron

Answer 48

Filtration unit within the kidney

Question 49

What is tissue type

Answer 49

Describes the antigens present on the surface of a Donor organ