The Respiatory System

Question 0

Epiglottis

Answer 0

Stops food getting into lungs when you swallow

Question 1

Nasally passages

Answer 1

Warm, clean and add moisture to air

Question 2

Oesophagus

Answer 2

Carries food to stomach

Question 3

Laryx

Answer 3

Voice box

Question 4

Left bronchus

Answer 4

Carries air to lungs

Question 5

Trachea

Answer 5

Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs, lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia height move mucus away from the lungs

Question 7

Bronchioles

Answer 7

Carries air to lungs

Question 8

Alveoli

Answer 8

Tiny air sacs adapted for gaseous exchange

Question 9

Diaphragm

Answer 9

Sheet of muscle with fibrous middle part which is domes, it helps make breathing movements and soee rates the thorax from the abdomen

Question 10

Ribs

Answer 10

Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs

Question 10

External intercostal muscles

Answer 10

Pulls ribs up and out when you breathe in

Question 11

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 11

Pulls ribs down and in when you breathe out

Question 12

Pleural fluid

Answer 12

Liquid filling pleural cavity and acting as lubrication, so surfaces of the lungs don’t stick to the inside of the chest wall

Question 13

Pleural membranes

Answer 13

Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around lungs and separating the inside of the thorax from the lungs

Question 14

Where does the pulmonary artery lead

Answer 14

Heart –> lungs

Question 15

What does the pulmonary vein connect

Answer 15

Lungs –> heart

Question 17

SA adaptions in respiratory system

Answer 17

Folded shape to increase the surface area which increases the rate of diffusion

Question 18

Concentration gradient daptions in respiratory system

Answer 18

Alveolus- more O2 less CO2
Capillary- less O2 less CO2
Bloods is always flowing and this concentration gradient is maintained

Question 18

Composition of air inhaled

Answer 18

21% O2
0.03% CO2
78% N
Variable H2O
Variable temp

Question 19

Diffusion distance and other adaptions in respiratory system

Answer 19

Oxygen only has to diffuse over the 2 cell thick walls
Surfactant holds shape of alveoli
Moisture aids diffusion

Question 20

Composition of air exhaled

Answer 20

16% O2
4% CO2
78% N
More H2O
37 degrees temp

Question 21

Ventilation

Answer 21

Breathing in and out

Question 23

Inhalation

Answer 23

Diaphragm contacts + flattens 
External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves out and up
Volume of chest cavity increases
Lungs expand 
Pressure inside decreases
Air rushes to lungs to equalise pressure

Question 23

Tidal volume

Answer 23

Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in 1 breath (0.5L)

Question 24

Exhalation

Answer 24

``` Diaphragm relaxes + moves upwards Intercostal muscles contract Ribs cage moves in and down Volume of chest cavity decreases Pressure inside lungs increase Air flows out of lungs due to high pressure ```

Question 25

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

Additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible (<2L)

Question 26

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 26

Additional volume of air that can be breathed out with force (<1.5L)

Question 27

Residual volume

Answer 27

Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation (1.5L)

Question 28

Vital capacity

Answer 28

IRU+TV+ERU= maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in one breath

Question 29

Effects of exercise on ventilation and why

Answer 29

Increase in ventilation- more frequent Increase in tidal volume- deeper breaths Muscles need oxygen to contract and they need ATP which is produced though respiration

Question 31

Short term effects of smoking

Answer 31

Smelly hair and breath Less oxygen to brain and lungs Stained teeth Strained fingers

Question 31

Tar buildup in lungs

Answer 31

``` Lung cancer Lung infections Cilia in bronchi paralysed Build up in mucus Debris in lungs not removes Build up of bacteria Emphysema of alveoli ```

Question 32

Long term effects of smoking

Answer 32

``` Gum disease and tooth loss Strokes and heart attacks Mouth, lung, stomach, pancreatic and throat cancer Decreased fertility Peripheral vascular disease ```

Question 33

Nicotine effects

Answer 33

``` Addictive Stimulates neurotransmitters Stokes and heart attacks Conte its blood flow Increases blood pressure ```

Question 34

Carbon monoxide effects

Answer 34

``` Tiredness, dizziness Increases heart rate Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin Reduces oxygen carries by blood cells Reduced birth mass ```