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Urogenital System > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys extend from vertebra …. to vertebra ….

A

T12 to L3

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2
Q

Which kidneys is lower? Why?

A

Right kidneys is lower because of its relationship with the liver.

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3
Q

Which kidney is longer and slender?

A

Left

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4
Q

Anterior surface of the right kidney is related to… (5)

A 
Right suprarenal gland 
Right lobe of liver 
Descending part of duodenum 
Right colic flexure 
Jejunum (intraperitoneal)
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5
Q

Anterior surface of the left kidney is related to… (7)

A 
Left suprarenal gland
Stomach (intraperitoneal)
Spleen (intraperitoneal)
Pancreas (tail - retroperitoneal)
Left colic flexure 
Descending colon 
Jejunum (intraperitoneal)
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6
Q

Posteriorly, right and left kidneys are related to… (8)

A 
Diaphragm 
Psoas major 
Quadratus lumborum 
Transversus abdominis
Costo- diaphragmatic recesses
Subcostal vessels 
Ilio-hypogastric nerve 
Ilio- inguinal nerve
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7
Q

LOCATIONS of kidneys

  1. same levels as…. (organ)
  2. Gate towards the kidneys (vertebra)
  3. Left kidney (rib level)
  4. Right kidney (rib level)
A
  1. Pancreas
  2. L1
  3. rib 11
  4. rib 12
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8
Q

Perinephric fat (3)

A
  • outside the renal capsule
  • it completely surrounds the kidneys
  • accumulation of extraperitoneal fat
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9
Q

Renal fascia (2)

A
  • encloses the perinephric fat

- it is a membranous condensation of the extraperioneal fascia

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10
Q

Thin septum

A

Separates suprarenal glands from the kidneys

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11
Q

Paranephric fat

A
  • final layer

- completes the fat and fascias associated with the kidney

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12
Q

Anterior and posterior surface of the kidneys

-Characteristics

A

Anterior –> smooth

Posterior –> covered by a fibrous capsule

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13
Q

Hilum (2)

A
  • Slit through which renal vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the substance of the kidneys
  • It is continuous with the renal sinus
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14
Q

Renal cortex and Renal medulla

A

Renal cortex –> continuous band of pale tissue that completely surrounds the renal medulla, bright zones

Renal medulla –> forms the pyramids, only darker zones

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15
Q

Renal columns and Renal papilla

A

Renal columns –> extensions of the renal cortex, divides the renal medulla into the renal pyramids.

Renal papilla –> surrounded by minor calyx,
renal pyramids in the medulla empty into it.

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16
Q

Minor and Major Calyx

A

Minor –> receive urine, proximal parts of the tube will eventually form the ureter.

Major –> formed by several minor calices united.

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17
Q

Renal pelvis (2)

A
  • formed by two or 3 major calices united

- superior end of the ureters

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18
Q

Each kidney is supplied by…

A
  • A single large renal artery

- A lateral branch of the abdominal aorta

19
Q

Length of arteries and veins

  • right kidney
  • left kidney
A
  • longer artery, shorter vein

- shorter artery, longer vein

20
Q

Ureters (4)

A
  • Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Continuous with the renal pelvis
  • At the pelvic brim, the ureters cross either the end of the common iliac artery or the external iliac artery, enter the pelvic cavity and continue to the bladder.
21
Q

Ureteropelvic junction

A

Place where the renal pelvis narrows and becomes continuous with the uters

22
Q

3 points where the ureters are constricted

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction
  • Where the ureters cross the common iliac vessels at the pelvic brim
  • Where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder
23
Q

Suprarenal glands (2)

A
  • Associated with the superior pole of each kidney

- Consist of an outer cortex and an inner medulla

24
Q

Characteristics of right and left suprarenal glands

A

Right –> pyramid shape, anterior to it is the right lobe of the liver and inferior vena cava

Left –> semilunar, larger, anterior to it is part of the stomach, pancreas and the spleen

25
Q

Characteristics similar to both suprarenal glands (4)

A
  • Parts of the diaphragm posterior to them.
  • they are surrounded by perinephric fat.
  • they are enclosed in the renal fascia.
  • Thin septum separates the gland from its associated kidney
26
Q

Functions of kidneys (3)

A
  • Blood filtration
  • Production of urine
  • Endocrine functions
27
Q

Kidneys are retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

They have NO contact with the peritoneal.

28
Q

Why there is a lot of fat around the kidneys?

A

They are fragile organs, they need protection because they are super important.

29
Q

How to difference right kidney to the left kidney?????

A
  • Superior pole is more massive.

- Anterior surface is quite plane, posterior side is more convex.

30
Q

What structures are present in the area of entrance of the helium?

A
  • Renal artery
  • Renal vein
  • Renal pelvis
31
Q

Urine is produce at which area of the kidney?

A

Medulla
Minor calyx
Major calyx

32
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidney, performs the main functions of the kidneys

33
Q

Number of segments, lobes and lobules

A

Segments –> 5
Lobes –> 10
Lobules –> lots

34
Q

Path of urine drainage (6)

A
  1. Collecting duct
  2. Minor calyx
  3. Major calyx
  4. Renal Pelvis
  5. Ureter
  6. Urinary bladder
35
Q

Why do we need two types of capillaries?

A

Because of very high pressure at the glomerulus

-Filtration occurs due to this pressure

36
Q

Path of blood flow (13)

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Segmental arteries
  3. Interlobar arteries
  4. Arcuate arteries
  5. Interlobular arteries
  6. Afferent arterioles
  7. Glomerular capillaries
  8. Efferent arterioles
  9. Peritubular capillaries
  10. Interlobular veins
  11. Arcuate veins
  12. Interlobar veins
  13. Renal vein
37
Q

3 parts of the ureters

A

Abdominal part –> until the crest of the iliac bone
Pelvic part –> from the entrance of pelvis to the bladder
Intramural part –> line within the urinary bladder

38
Q

Why backflow of urine does not happen?

at the ureters

A

Ureters come from the top, it crosses the wall of the bladder (thick)in oblique direction. When the bladder becomes full, it applies pressure and closes it, preventing backflow.

39
Q

3 layers of muscles in the bladder

A
  1. Inner longitudinal layer
  2. Outer longitudinal layer
  3. Circular fibers
40
Q

Bladder is retroperitoneal or mesoperitoneal?

A

Mesoperitoneal

41
Q

Excavatios in males and females

A

Males –> excavatio rectovesicalis –> between bladder and rectum

Females –> excavatio vesicouterina (between bladder and uterus) and excavation recto-uterine (between uterus and rectum)

42
Q

Parts of the bladder

A

Base
Apex –> connected to the median and umbilical folds
Neck –> lowest point

43
Q

3 stages in the development of the kidneys

A
  1. Pronephros: disappears, does not lead to any other structures.
  2. Mesonephros: its collecting duct remains and contributes to the male reproductive duct (mesonephric),
  3. Metanephros: develops into the kidney.

Urogenital System (6 decks)

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