kidneys, ureters, & bladder

Question 1

_____ are served by unpaired arteries

Answer 1

gut tube
& its derivatives (liver, spleen, pancreas)

Question 2

_____ are served by paired arteries

Answer 2

retro- & sub-peritoneal structures / organs

Question 3

renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta at the level of _____ vertebrae

Answer 3

L1 or L2

Question 4

gonads receive parasympathetic innervation from _____

Answer 4

vagus n.

Question 5

reproductive system (except for gonads) receives parasympathetic innervation from _____

Answer 5

pelvic splanchnic n.

Question 6

left gonadal vein drains into _____ at right angle

Answer 6

left renal vein

Question 7

right gonadal vein drains into _____ at acute angle

Answer 7

IVC

Question 8

what is a major calyx

Answer 8

when 2 or more minor calyxes join

Question 9

renal sinus is filled with _____

Answer 9

fat

Question 10

ratio of pyramids : minor calyxes

Answer 10

1 : 1

Question 11

when is arcuate artery skipped in blood flow path inside kidney

Answer 11

when inside columns

Question 12

arterial blood flow pathway inside kidney (outside of columns)

Answer 12

renal a.
->
segmental a.
->
interlobar aa.
->
arcuate aa.
->
interlobular aa.
->
in cortex

Question 13

at what point does interlobar a. become arcuate a.

Answer 13

once it hits base of pyramid & begins to arc around it

Question 14

urine pathway inside kidney (as soon as it leaves collecting duct in nephron)

Answer 14

collecting duct
->
renal papilla (at apex of pyramid)
->
minor calyx
->
major calyx
->
renal pelvis
->
ureter
->
bladder

Question 15

3 locations on ureter that normal (non-pathological) constrictions occur

Answer 15

-ureteropelvic junction (transition from renal pelvis to ureter)

-true pelvis (crossing common iliac vessels & bony rim of pelvic bone)

-entrance to bladder

Question 16

position of urinary bladder is _____, & what does this mean

Answer 16

subperitoneal

inferior to peritoneal cavity

Question 17

what separates peritoneal cavity & urinary bladder

Answer 17

parietal peritoneum

Question 18

name & definition of peritoneal pouch in males

Answer 18

rectovesical pouch

gutter space in peritoneal cavity between rectum & bladder

Question 19

names & definition of peritoneal pouches in females

Answer 19

recto-uterine pouch (between rectum & uterus)
vesico-uterine pouch (between bladder & uterus)

gutter spaces in peritoneal cavity

Question 20

bladder position female vs. male

Answer 20

female- bladder just above urogenital diaphragm

male- bladder separated from urogenital diaphragm by prostate gland

Question 21

_____ provides arterial supply & venous drainage of bladder

Answer 21

internal iliac vessels

Question 22

what is the trigone in the bladder

Answer 22

a triangular space bordered by openings of ureters & internal urethral orifice

Question 23

trigone is _____ compared to rest of bladder tissue

Answer 23

smooth

Question 24

trigone is highly _____, sensitive to _____, & signals brain of _____

Answer 24

highly innervated
sensitive to expansion
signals brain of need to urinate

Question 25

in both sexes, is the micturition reflex triggered voluntarily or involuntarily

Answer 25

voluntarily

Question 26

what happens after micturition reflex is triggered

Answer 26

-> triggers detrusor muscle in bladder wall to CONTRACT & urethral sphincters to RELAX

Question 27

risk factors for kidney stones

Answer 27

chronic dehydration high urine calcium levels high animal protein intake

Question 28

what is lithotripsy

Answer 28

fragmentation of kidney stones by ultrasound

Question 29

2 theories for horseshoe kidney formation

Answer 29

-fusion in metanephros stage- 5th week -teratogenic event- posterior nephrogenic cells migrate to wrong spot

Question 30

what happens as horseshoe kidney tries to ascend, & when does this happen

Answer 30

at 7-8 weeks hooks around inferior mesenteric a., kidney ends up staying pretty low