acid-base disturbances

Question 1

acidemia vs acidosis

Question 2

you can have multiple -_____ contributing to the -_____

Answer 2

you can have multiple -osis contributing to the -emia

Question 3

alkalemia vs alkalosis

Question 4

define pH

Answer 4

how much [H+] present

Question 5

lower pH = _____ H+ ions

Answer 5

MORE

Question 6

blood is _____ in a deceased person

Answer 6

acidotic

Question 7

equation relating pH, HCO3-, PCO2

Answer 7

pH = HCO3- / PCO2

Question 8

in a metabolic condition, when pH increases = _____ HCO3- or _____ PCO2

(what is this condition called)

Answer 8

increases HCO3-

metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

in a metabolic condition, when pH decreases = _____ HCO3- or _____ PCO2

(what is this condition called)

Answer 9

decreases HCO3-

metabolic acidosis

Question 10

in a respiratory condition, when pH decreases = _____ HCO3- or _____ PCO2

(what is this condition called)

Answer 10

increases PCO2

respiratory acidosis

Question 11

in a respiratory condition, when pH increases = _____ HCO3- or _____ PCO2

(what is this condition called)

Answer 11

decreases PCO2

respiratory alkalosis

Question 12

respiratory acidosis mechanism

Answer 12

breathing slowly
->
increases PCO2
->
decreases pH

Question 13

respiratory alkalosis mechanism

Answer 13

breathing quickly / hyperventilation
->
decreases PCO2 (lose it to air)
->
increases pH

Question 14

does changing HCO3- or PCO2 drive pH change in metabolic conditions

Answer 14

HCO3-

Question 15

does changing HCO3- or PCO2 drive pH change in respiratory conditions

Answer 15

PCO2

Question 16

in metabolic acidosis, which organ compensates & how

Answer 16

metabolic acidosis: decrease pH = decrease HCO3-

lungs compensate: by decreasing PCO2 to increase pH

Question 17

in metabolic alkalosis, which organ compensates & how

Answer 17

metabolic alkalosis: increase pH = increase HCO3-

lungs compensate: by increasing PCO2 to decrease pH

Question 18

in respiratory acidosis, which organ compensates & how

Answer 18

respiratory acidosis: decrease pH = increase PCO2

kidneys compensate: by increasing HCO3- to increase pH

Question 19

anion gap equation

Answer 19

anion gap = (Na+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)

Question 20

normal anion gap value

Answer 20

12 +/- 2

Question 21

what does it mean if anion gap is normal, & what condition do you not have

Answer 21

there has been no new anions introduced to blood (ex. ketones in DKA)

AGMA (anion gap metabolic acidosis)

Question 22

how long does it take kidneys to compensate in response to respiratory condition

Answer 22

48-72 hrs

Question 23

how long does it take lungs to compensate in response to metabolic condition

Answer 23

immediately

Question 24

normal pH

Answer 24

7.4

Question 25

normal HCO3- reported as CO2

Answer 25

24

Question 26

normal PCO2

Answer 26

40

Question 27

what does abnormally normal mean

Answer 27

if a lab value is normal but based on other lab values it shouldn't be

Question 28

if pH & PCO2 are BOTH increasing / decreasing (arrows in same direction), then what condition type is present

Answer 28

primary metabolic

Question 29

if pH & PCO2 arrows are in opp. direction, then what condition type is present

Answer 29

primary respiratory

Question 30

Barnes' steps for acid-base disorders

Answer 30

1) alkemia vs acidemia (pH increase/decrease from 7.4) 2) pH & PCO2 arrow direction (metabolic vs respiratory) 3) calculate anion gap (AGMA vs NAGMA) 4) did expected compensation occur? (if not- an additional condition is present)

Question 31

if pH is less than 7.4, what condition type is present

Answer 31

acidemic

Question 32

if pH is more than 7.4, what condition type is present

Answer 32

alkalemic

Question 33

2 characteristics of AGMA (anion gap metabolic acidosis)

Answer 33

HCO3- decreases (bc you're using it) widened anion gap

Question 34

we don't use the term _____ when describing conditions, what does this mean instead

Answer 34

uncompensated that an additional condition is present as well