renal histology & embryology

Question 1

most urinary & reproductive systems are formed from _____ mesoderm

Answer 1

intermediate

Question 2

3 sections that intermediate mesoderm differentiates into (cranial to caudal)

Answer 2

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 3

fate of pronephros

Answer 3

obliterates early in development

Question 4

first fate of mesonephros

Answer 4

breaks into segments as pronephros obliterates

Question 5

what are the segments that mesonephros breaks into called, & what is their function

Answer 5

primordial kidneys

concentrate & excrete liquid waste

Question 6

waste drainage pathway from segmented mesonephric mesoderm

Answer 6

segmented mesonephros
->
mesonephric duct (aka Wolffian duct)
->
cloaca

Question 7

fate of metanaphros

Answer 7

definitive kidney

Question 8

is metanephros segmented?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

cloaca gives rise to _____

Answer 9

bladder, urethra, & rectum

Question 10

mesonephric duct -> becomes _____ -> becomes _____ & grows towards _____

Answer 10

becomes ureteric bud
->
becomes ureter

grows towards metanephros

Question 11

allantois is a _____ extension of _____

Answer 11

ventral extension

cloaca / UG sinus

Question 12

nitrogenous waste drainage pathway from UG sinus

Answer 12

UG sinus
->
allantois
->
amniotic fluid

Question 13

cloaca location & lined by _____

Answer 13

at caudal end of gut tube

lined by endoderm

Question 14

fate of allantois

Answer 14

becomes urachus in fetus
->
collapses when umbilical cord tied off
->
becomes median umbilical ligament post-natal

Question 15

clinical condition if urachus doesn’t close

Answer 15

urine leaks from umbilicus (belly button)

Question 16

the bladder is a dilation of _____

Answer 16

the UG (urogenital) sinus

Question 17

_____ divides the cloaca into _____ ventrally and _____ dorsally

Answer 17

urorectal septum

UG sinus ventrally
&
anorectal canal dorsally

Question 18

clinical condition if urorectal septum doesn’t form fully

Answer 18

urorectal / rectovaginal fistula

Question 19

at day _____, ureteric bud penetrates _____ & begins to _____

Answer 19

day 32

ureteric bud penetrates metanephric blastema

bifurcate (1-3 million times)

Question 20

_____ forms a cap on each new tip of the ureteric bud

Answer 20

metanephric mesoderm

Question 21

the “cap” on ureteric bud made of metanephric mesoderm breaks off & becomes _____

Answer 21

renal vesicle

Question 22

renal vesicle (used to be cap on ureteric bud) then merges w _____

Answer 22

collecting duct (previously ureteric bud)

-so merges back w old bud

Question 23

4 things renal / nephric vesicle gives rise to

Answer 23

DCT
LoH
PCT
Bowman’s capsule

Question 24

functional renal corpuscles first arise in metanephros at _____ (age of fetus)

Answer 24

10 weeks

Question 25

what 2 structures meet at the trigone, & what does this mean for the trigone

Answer 25

ureters & bladder trigone is mixed

Question 26

gonad movement during development

Answer 26

gonads are faithful- they drag their vessels & nerves along w them like dog on a leash (start high, end low)

Question 27

kidney movement during development

Answer 27

kidneys are promiscuous- swap arteries as they ascend like climbing a ladder (start low, end high)

Question 28

the _____ is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 28

nephron

Question 29

2 types of nephrons

Answer 29

juxtamedullary nephron cortical nephron

Question 30

juxtamedullary nephrons -location -glomerulus features -% of nephrons in the kidney

Answer 30

medulla glomerulus more internal large glomeruli 15% of nephrons in kidney

Question 31

cortical nephrons -location -glomerulus features -% of nephrons in the kidney

Answer 31

cortex glomerulus more external small glomeruli 85% of nephrons in kidney

Question 32

components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 32

= glomerulus + Bowman's capsule

Question 33

glomerulus histological composition

Answer 33

capillary bundles lined w endothelium

Question 34

Bowman's capsule histological composition

Answer 34

simple squamous epithelium

Question 35

intraglomerular mesangial cells -location -structure -function

Answer 35

glomerulus actin & myosin (are contractile) maintain filtration rates (by making sure capillaries have enough space between them to function)

Question 36

podocytes -location -structure -function

Answer 36

epithelial cells around capillaries long foot processes- create filtration slits filters

Question 37

3 layers of filtration barrier in glomerulus- & which layer is primary filtration layer

Answer 37

(lumen) podocytes basement membrane (basal lamina) fenestrated endothelial cells (capillary) primary filtration layer = basement membrane

Question 38

juxtaglomerular apparatus = _____ & _____

Answer 38

juxtaglomerular (JG) cells & macula densa cells

Question 39

macula densa cells are sensitive to changes in _____, which is detected by _____; macula densa cells then signal _____ to _____

Answer 39

sodium (NaCl) detected by afferent arterioles signal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells to increase / decrease renin production

Question 40

2 cell types in collecting duct

Answer 40

principal cells intercalated cells

Question 41

principal cells -location -function

Answer 41

collecting duct water reabsorption & Na+/K+ transport

Question 42

intercalated cells -location -histological feature -function

Answer 42

CCD, OMCD darker cytoplasm acid-base homeostasis

Question 43

minor calyx is lined w _____, which is helpful for function bc _____

Answer 43

transitional epithelium good stretch for volume changes

Question 44

3 tissue layers of bladder, & what is the first layer made of

Answer 44

mucosa (transitional epithelium & lamina propria) longitudinal smooth muscle circular smooth muscle

Question 45

renal blood flow pathway

Answer 45

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