Kin 120 Module 2

Question 1

what is stress and what are the types of stress

Answer 1

it is the collective and physiological and emotional response to a stimulus that disrupts homeostasis, it is determined by the balance between demands and the resources
-eustress: good stress
-distress: bad stress

Question 2

what are some common things that can cause stress

Answer 2

unpredictability
threat to ego
sense of loss of control

Question 3

what are some examples of environmental, physicological and emotional stress

Answer 3

Environmental: climate, noise, pollution, crowding
Physiological stress: training medication, caffeine, injuries, disease, nutrition
emotional: major stressors and minor stressors

Question 4

what are the categories of stress

Answer 4

Acute: short-term
Episodic: series of events
Chronic: long term and always present

Question 5

what are the 3 phases of stress and explain them

Answer 5

-alarm: this is where you prepare (fight or flight) and hormones are released
-adaptation: tolerance to stress builds and you develop a new level of homeostasis
-exhaustion: if the stress persists and you aren’t able to cope or coping mechanism taken away

Question 6

why do people respond differently to stress

Answer 6

inherited predisposition, experience and personality

Question 7

what are the major responses to stress

Answer 7

physical/physiological: fight or flight
emotional response
behavioural: controlled by the somatic nervous system

Question 8

what is the somatic nervous system and what does it do

Answer 8

its a branch of the peripheral nervous system and governs motor functions and sensory info

Question 9

what systems are responsible for the physical response to stress

Answer 9

nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 10

when does the parasympathetic nervous system kick in during stress and what does it do

Answer 10

it kicks in after and it allows the body to return to homeostasis

Question 11

what does the autonomic nervous system do

Answer 11

it controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion etc…

Question 12

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

Answer 12

it is activated when aroused and uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

Question 13

what does adrenaline do and where is it secreted from

Answer 13

it is secreted by the adrenal gland
-increases blood flow, heart rate, blood sugar, breathing, metabolism, blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and prepares the muscles
-actives both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors

Question 14

what does noradrenaline do and where is it secreted from

Answer 14

it is secreted by the adrenal medulla
-increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction
-only activates alpha-adrenergic receptors

Question 15

explain the process by which adrenaline is synthesized

Answer 15

dopamine is used to synthesize noradrenaline and noradrenaline is used the synthesize adrenaline

Question 16

what is the endocrine system

Answer 16

system of glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones into the blood

Question 17

what does norepinephrine do and where is it secreted from

Answer 17

neurotransmitter that is secreted by the sympathetic nervous system (adrenal gland) to increase body function (attention, awareness, alertness)

Question 18

what does epinephrine do and where is it secreted from

Answer 18

secreted from the inner core of the medulla of the adrenal gland and also a neurotransmitter and effects respiration rate

Question 19

what does cortisol do and where is it secreted from

Answer 19

steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal gland, can cause stress and increase blood sugar levels

Question 20

what do endorphins do and where is it secreted from

Answer 20

it has pain-inhibiting effects and is secreted by the hypothalamus

Question 21

what are the axis for the fight or flight response and what do they help control

Answer 21

sympathetic-adrenal-medullray: short-term response to stress
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical: acute and longterm response

Question 22

how does the SAM axis work

Answer 22

1. it activates the sympathetic nervous system which secretes acetylcholine
2. acetylcholine then gets the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
   3.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight

Question 23

how does the HPA axis work

Answer 23

1. activates the adrenal cortical system and causes the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone
2. The pituitary gland secrets adrenocorticotropin hormone
3. ACTH arrives at adrenal cortex and causes the release of cortisol, glucagon, Renin (regulates blood pressure), Vasopressin (regulates water retention)
   4.neural activity combines with the hormones to cause fight or flight

Question 24

what does the pituitary gland do

Answer 24

pea-sized matergland involed in growth, metabolism and reproduction

Question 25

what are catecholamines

Answer 25

stress stimulates the nerves and causes the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenaline and adrenaline)

Question 26

what are some acute effects of catecholamines?

Answer 26

increases heart rate and cardiac contraction strength, narrws blood vessels, increase blood pressure, dilates pupils, dilates airways, reduces blood flow to GI tract and saliva production, increase sweat production

Question 27

what are prolonged exposure to catecholamines linked to

Answer 27

hypertension cardiac disease vascular disease pheochromocytoma: neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands

Question 28

what do chronic norepinephrine levels lead to

Answer 28

overactivation of the amygdala and causes fear, downregulation of pre-frontal cortex (impaired concentration, reduced reasoning, decrease in impulse control)

Question 29

what happens when your adrenergic sensors are desensitized and what causes it

Answer 29

lipolysis reduces causing more fat accumulation caused by prolonged exposure to catecholamines

Question 30

what are some acute responses to cortisol

Answer 30

increase vigilance you don't think when you respond to emotion raises blood sugar by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver inhibits insulin production increase psychomotor activity become hungray

Question 31

what are some of prolonged effects of cortisol

Answer 31

increased appetite body consistently producing glucose increase fat stores increase salt retention thinning of skin reduce acid barrier in cells interfere with menstrual cycle bane calcium loss muscle wasting insomnia irritability depressed mood memory loss immune dysfunction

Question 32

what hormones do cortisol lower and what does this cause

Answer 32

-dopamine: lowers activity in the pleasure center of the brain -norepinephrine: lack of motivation and alertness -serotonin: reduces feelings of happiness and well being leads to anxiety, weight gain and increased appetite

Question 33

what happens when there is a HPA imbalance

Answer 33

it causes mood disorders and functional illness -anxiety, bipolar, insomnia, PTSD, ADHD, burnout, chronic fatigue, IBS

Question 34

what controls the behavioural response to stress and what does it manage

Answer 34

somatic nervous system and manages a person conscious actions

Question 35

what is alostatic load

Answer 35

the wear and tear on a body that is caused by long last exposure to chronic stress and continues release of cortisol

Question 36

what are some ways of managing stress

Answer 36

-exercise -laughter yoga: decreases cortisol and epinephrine -nutrition: balanced diet and avoiding caffeine and alcohol (raise cortisol levels) -sleep: decreases cortisol, increases problem focused solving strategies

Question 37

what are some benefits of sleep

Answer 37

-helps with learning -increases attention span -increases immunity -help stay at a healthy weight -improves mood -lowers the risk of diabetes and heart disease -muscle and tissue repair

Question 38

how does sleep affect our hormone levels

Answer 38

a good nights sleep can reduce ghrelin (makes us feel hungry) and increase leptin (tells the brain how big or small the stomach is)

Question 39

what are the forces that drive us toward sleep

Answer 39

-homeostatic sleep drive: increases the longer we're awake -circadian Rythm

Question 40

what are the stages of sleep

Answer 40

NREM stage 1: heartbeat and breathing slow down, muscles begin to relax NREM stage 2: heartbeat and breathing slow down more, no eye movement, body temp drops, the brain produces sleep spindles NREM stage 3: deepest sleep state, heartbeat and breathing at lowest, no eye movement, body is relaxed, delta brain waves present, tissue repair, immune system strengthens REm stage R: primary dreaming stage, eye movements are rapid, breathing and heart rate increase, limbs become paralyzed, brain acitivyt increases

Question 41

what are some benefits of naps

Answer 41

relaxes you reduces fatigue increases alertness improves mood improves performance