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pt momints ver 2.0 > KINES: Biomechanics and Kinematics > Flashcards

KINES: Biomechanics and Kinematics Flashcards

1
Q

is is the study of human movement

A

kinesiology

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2
Q

it deals with human movements

A

biomechanics

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3
Q

what are the two branches of mechanics

A

kinematics - description of human motion

kinetics - study of forces that affects movement

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4
Q

what are the two types of kinetics

A

statics - movement at rest

dynamics - movement at motion

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5
Q

how do we analyze human motion

A

quali - describe the movement

quanti - measurable variable that describes movement

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6
Q

what is osteokinematics

A

gross movements

movements between shafts of adjacent bones

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7
Q

give an example of quali/quanti of osteokinematics

A

measurement of ROM - quanti

raising shoulders forward - quali

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8
Q

what is arthrokinematics

A

minute movements inside the joint capsule

difficult to observe = palpate

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9
Q

what are the kinematic qualitative variables

A

type of displacement
location of displacement
direction of displacement
magnitude of displacement
rate of change of displacement - v
rate of change of velocity - a

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10
Q

types of displacement in kinematics

A

translatory - all points of objects are moving or travelling in same distance, direction and velocity
- moving of tibia against femur - ant/post

rotatory - occurs in a circle rotating around axis
- rotating the head

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11
Q

what is the general motion in osteokinematics

A

curvilinear - combi of translatory nd rotatory

moves along a curved path w some sort of linear

most common type

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12
Q

type of displacement in arthrokinematics

A

ICoR - instantaneous center of rotation

shifting of axis during curvilinear motion

bending of finger not point directly towards wrist but towards radial side

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13
Q

where is the cog

A

an inch anterior to S2

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14
Q

explain the relationship of joint structure and function

A

structure will determine its function nd vice versa

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15
Q

generalizations about joint composition

A

joint components adapt to environmental nd functional demands

nourishment via facilitated diffusion - occurs in movement

subject to injury, disease or aging - esp in cartilage

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16
Q

describe connective tissues

A

not packed - more spaces betw cells

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17
Q

relate CT to extracellular space

A

CT is found in extracellular matrix

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18
Q

what are the fibrillar components of CT

A

collagen - most abundant
- high tensile strength = high stretch
- type 1 in CT - resists too much tension
type 2 in cartilage nd IV

elastin - smaller portions

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19
Q

what is the interfibrillar components of CT

A

water

proteoglycans - allows water-binding via glycosaminoglycans
- form reservoir for nutrients nd GH
- regulates collagen fibril size
- for compressive forces

glycosaminoglycans - carbohydrate portion
- attracts water
- withstands compression

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20
Q

what is aggrecan

A

large cartilage PG

water binding capacity

ability to withstand compressive forces

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21
Q

where does the cellular components of CT come from

A

from mesenchymal precursor cells

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22
Q

what are fixed cellular components

A

fibrolast - chondroblast/tenoblast/osteoblast - fibrocytes/chondrocytes/osteocytes

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23
Q

what are transient cellular components

A

related to blood - blood cells

primary role - immune responses and against debris - phagocytosis

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24
Q

what are ligaments

A

bone to bone - stabilization of joint

secured through interdigitations of collagen - sharpeys fibers

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25
Q

how do sharpeys fiber secure ligaments

A

collagen fibers blend w periosteum that attaches to cortical bone

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26
Q

what is the interfibrillar component of ligaments

A

primary GAG - dermatan sulfate for tensile forces

27
Q

what is the fibrillar component of ligaments

A

mainly type 1 collagen nd some elastin, 3,4,5

for tensile forces

28
Q

how are ligaments heterogenous structures

A

10-20% cells

80-90% extracellular matrix

29
Q

what are tendons

A

attaches muscles to bones

30
Q

what is the interfibrillar component of tendons

A

water

dermatan sulfate

31
Q

what is the fibrillar component of tendons

A

> 95% type 1 collagen

type 3 on tendon sheaths

type 4 nd 5 on basal lamina of fibroblasts

32
Q

describe the layers of tendon from deep to superficial

A

endotendon - covers tendon fascicle

epitenon - covers group of fascicles

paratenon - double layered sheath of aerolar tissue in outer surface of epitenon
- protects from excessive friction

peritendon - combi of epitenon nd paratenon

tendon sheath - peritendon filled w synovial fluid
- protects from fricition

33
Q

what are the zones of fibrocartilaginous enthesis

A

zone 1 - tendon proper

zone 2 - w fibrocartilage; transition from tendon to bone

zone 3 - mineralized fibrocartilage

zone 4 - bone

34
Q

what are tide marks

A

between zone 2 nd 3 - boundary between soft nd hard tissues of tendon

  • uncalcified - calcified
35
Q

what is fibrous enthesis

A

attachment on the bone
periosteal - bony that allows stronghold of tendons

36
Q

describe muscle attachment to bones

A

interdigitation bet collagen in tendons and muscle fibers - locking

immobilazation - flatter - less locked - injuries

37
Q

what is a bursa

A

flat sacs of synovial membrane w fluid film

prevents excessive friciton

injured by too much friction

38
Q

what are the sites for bursa

A

subtendinous - tendon to bone

subcutaneous - bone to skin

submuscular - muscle to bone

ligament to bone

39
Q

what are cartilages

A

prevents too much friction

weight bearing and distributes weight in a joint

40
Q

what are the types of cartilages

A

fibrocartilage - white

elastic cartilage - yellow
- ears and epiglottis

hyaline cartilage - articular
- type 2
- ends of bones

41
Q

what are the cells of cartilages

A

chondrocytes and chondroblasts

42
Q

what are fibrillar components of cartilage

A

type 2 collagen - 90-95%

aggrecan

chondrotin sulfate - resist compression

keratan sulfate - inc w age nd arthritis; dec w immobilization

dapat more chondrotin or it will lead to degenerative changes

43
Q

layers of articular cartilage

A

zone 1 - outermost
- reduces friction nd distributes forces over joint

zone 2 - transitional stratum - type 2

zone 3 - radiate stratum - type 2
- tidemark

zone 4 - calcified - attachment to bone

44
Q

what does no cellular turnover in cartilage mean

A

since hypocellular nd avascular - relies on diffusion for nutri

immobilaztion = no diffusion

cant recover from osteoarthritis

contains terminally diff cells - no reproduce

45
Q

what are organic compounds in bone matrix

A

type 1 - flexibility nd tensile
glycoproteins
proteoglycans

46
Q

what are inorganic compounds in bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite - compressive strength

calcium phosphate - increase strength

47
Q

what do fibroblasts produce

A

type 1 collagen

48
Q

what are osteoblasts for

A

bone forming, depositon and mineralization

secretes procollagen - precursor to type 1

49
Q

what are osteoclasts for

A

bone turn over - resorption

large monocyte derived polymorphous cells

50
Q

what are osteocytes

A

matured bone cells

51
Q

what are progenitor cells

A

differentiate to osteoblast

52
Q

what are bone layers

A

inner - spongy

outer - compact

53
Q

describe the periosteum

A

fibrous covering of bones except on articular surfaces

where sharpeys fibers attach - tendons nd ligaments

houses cells precursor to blasts nd clasts

capillaries for nourishment

54
Q

describe the bone at microscopic level

A

woven/primary bone - collagen fibers are irregularly arranged
- young bone

lamellar - parallel layers - older bone

55
Q

what is wolffs law

A

repetitive loading on bone = adaptive response

56
Q

relate wolfs law to osteoporosis

A

dec activity = inc osteoclast = hollow bones = osteopenia into osteoporosis

57
Q

what are synarthroses

A

fibrous - fibrous tissue connects 2 bones

cartilaginous - fibro or hyaline connects

58
Q

describe fibrous joints

A

sutures - in skull becomes synostosis - matured ver of synchondrosis

gomphoses - tooth nd mandibe/maxilla

syndesmoses - joined by interosseous lig, fibrous cord or aponeurotic membrane
- radioulnar

59
Q

describe cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses - secondary
- covered by hyaline and joined by fibro
- IV joints, manubrium-sternum, symphysis pubis

synchondeoses - primary
- 2 hyaline between 2 ossifying centers - matures to synostoses

60
Q

describe diarthrosis

A

hyaline covered by synovial sheath
sheat + fibrous = capsule
synovial fluid

61
Q

components for lubrication

A

hyaluronic acid + lubricin

62
Q

describe synovial fluid

A

reduce friction nd for nourishment

clear pale yellow viscous

thixotrophic - less viscous at high velocity
- too much viscosity = immobilization nd adhesions

63
Q

what are the joint capsule layers

A

stratum fibrosum - outer dense fibrous tissue - type 1
- poorly vascularized but rich in joint receptors

stratum synovium - inner
intima - cells that line joint space - synoviocytes for removal of debris nd immune respo
subsynovial - supports intima and contains ruffini for stretch, pacinian for compressive, free nerves for pain

pt momints ver 2.0 (14 decks)

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