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pt momints ver 2.0 > MS1: Generalities > Flashcards

MS1: Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

describe the characteristics of a bone

A
  • highly vascular CT
  • most rigid CT
  • contains org nd inorg substances
  • undergoes constant metabolism and remodeling
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2
Q

what are the shapes of bones

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. irregular
  4. flat
  5. cuboidal
  6. sesamoid
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3
Q

describe the structure of flat and cuboidal bones

A

it has an outer and inner layer of compact bone with cancellous bone in between

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4
Q

constitutes to 80% of the skeleton

A

compact bone

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5
Q

describe the structure of compact bone

A
  • has tightly packed osteons or haversian systems
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6
Q

what connects osteons

A

volkmanns canals

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7
Q

what is interstitial lamellae

A

space between osteons or kung san sila nakapatong

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8
Q

what is cement line

A

outer border of osteons

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9
Q

it connects interstitial lamellae

A

fibrils but does cross the cement line

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10
Q

describe the characteristic of compact bones

A

slow turnover rate
higher modulus - less stretch
more stiff

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11
Q

what are the contents of compact bones

A

arterioles
venules
cappilaries
nerves
lymphatic channels

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12
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

high turnover rate
smaller modulus - more stretch
more elastic

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13
Q

describe the remodeling in cancellous bones

A

happens according to lines of stress

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14
Q

what are the layers of long bone from superficial to deep

A

periosteum - outer fibrous cover
cortex - compact bone w haversian systems
endosteum - spongy bone layer
medullary canal

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15
Q

what is the physis

A

separates epiphysis from metaphysis
epiphysial plate in children

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16
Q

found at the ends of long bones from distal to proximal

A

epiphysis
physis
metaphysis
diaphesis

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17
Q

compare lamellar vs woven architecture

A

lamellar - more organized or alternating layers
- normal architecture of cortical nd cancellous

woven - interconnected nd has no pattern
- immature or pathological
- woven matures to lamellar

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18
Q

where are bone cells from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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19
Q

compare membranous vs cartilaginous bone formation

A

membranous: stem cell - osteoblast - bone

cartilaginous: stem cell - chondrocyte - bone

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20
Q

give examples of membranous bone formation

A

skull, facial bones, clavicle

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21
Q

give examples of enchondral bone formation

A

majority of bones

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22
Q

how early does enchondral bone formation start

A

6 wks in womb - at birth some ossified some not
ossifies until 20 yrs old

23
Q

describe osteoblasts

A

BUILDS

forms bone from organic non-mineralized matrix
from mesenchymal stem cells affected by interluekins, PDGF, IDGF - becomes kung ano man

24
Q

describe osteocytes

A

LIVING CELLS

90% of cells in mature skeleton
former osteoblast
regulates extracellular calcium nd phosphorus in bones

25
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

CONSUMES - ruffled brush border

multinucleated
from hematopoietic blood cells - macrophages

26
Q

where does bine resorption occur

A

howship’s lacunae

27
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

from mesenchymal cells
lines haversian canals, endosteum, periosteum

28
Q

compare the differentations of osteoprogenitor cells

A

osteoblast - low strain, high O2 tension

cartilage - intermediate strain, low O2 tension

fibrous tissue - high strain

29
Q

comprises 40% of dry weight of bone

A

organic components

30
Q

comprises 60% of dry weight of bone

A

inorganic componenets

31
Q

what makes most of organic components in bones

A

collagen - 90%

32
Q

what are the organic components of bones

A

collagen - type 1 for tensile strength or elasticity

proteoglycans - compressive strength

matrix proteins - mineralizations and bone formation

growth factors and cytokines

33
Q

what are the inorganic compounds of bones

A

calcium hydroxyapatite - hard component for compressive strength

calcium phosphate

34
Q

what is wolffs law

A

remodeling occurs to mechanical stress

35
Q

what is heuter-volmann law

A

compressive forces inhibits growth - tension promotes growth

36
Q

compare cortical vs cancellous bone remodeling

A

cortical - osteoclastic tunneling
- osteoclasts cuts cone tunnels
- osteoblast layer on tunnels
- deposition of lamellae

cancellous - osteoclasts resorp bones then osteoblasts lay new bone

37
Q

how much cardiac output does the bone receive

A

5-10%

38
Q

what are the 3 systems long bones receive blood

A

nutrient artery - from systemic arteries
- enters diaphyseal cortex via nutrient forame
- enter medullary canal to ascend/descend arteries

metaphyseal-epiphyseal - from periarticular vascular plexus - genicular arteries

periosteal - capillaries in outer third of mature diaphyseal cortex

39
Q

describe the arterial blood flow in bones

A

centrifugal - inside to outside
- high psi nutrient artery to low psi periosteal system

40
Q

describe blood flow in fractures/immature/developing

A

centripetal - outside to inside
- nutrient artery system is disrupted
- get blood from outside

41
Q

describe venous blood flow in bones

A

centripetal - outside to inside
- cortical capillaries to venous sinusoids
- drains to emissary venous system

42
Q

what is the periosteum

A

ct membrane that coves bone
highly developed in children

43
Q

compare the layers of periosteum from superficial to deep

A

fibrous - less cellular contiguous w joint capsule

cambium - loose nd vascular
- has cells that can become osteoblasts that enlarges diameter of bone during growth or form periosteal callus during fracture healing

44
Q

bone marrow is the source of what cells

A

progenitor cells

45
Q

compare red and yellow marrow

A

red marrow - hematopoetic - produces
- 40% water, 40% fat, 20% protein
- changes to yellow marrow w age

yellow marrow - inactive
- 15% water, 80% fat, 5% protein

46
Q

what is physis

A

growth plates in immature bones

47
Q

what are the physeal cartilage zones

A

reserve
proliferative
hypertrophic

48
Q

what is the reserve zone

A
  • cells store lipids, glycogen and proteoglycans
  • decreased O2 tension
49
Q

what is the proliferative zone

A
  • longitudinal growth - stacking chondrocytes
  • inc O2 = inc proteoglycans = inhibit calcification
  • cellular proliferation and matrix production
50
Q

what disease affects the reserve zone

A

gauchers - lysosomal storage disease

51
Q

what disease affects proliferative zone

A

gh - gigantism/achondroplasia

52
Q

what is the 3 zones of hypertrophic zone

A

maturation - chondrocytes enlarge and hypertophy

degenerative zone - chondrocytes increase 5x more and matrix prepared for calcification

provisional calcification - chondrocytes degenerate and die = calcium is released = matrix will calcify

53
Q

what is the hypertrophic zone

A

osteoblasts migrate from sinusoidal vessels and uses cartilage to form bone/calcify

low oxygen tension and dec proteoglycan aggregates

54
Q

what diseases affect hypertrophic zone

A

maturation nd degenerative - mucopolysaccharide disease

provisional calcification - rickets

pt momints ver 2.0 (14 decks)

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