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pt momints ver 2.0 > Org Ana: Large Vessels and Clinical Notes > Flashcards

Org Ana: Large Vessels and Clinical Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the structures founded at the superior mediastinum

A

thymus
R and L brachiocephalic veins
L superior intercostal vein
SVC
arch of aorta w 3 large branches
trachea
esophagus
vagus
phrenic
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
thoracic duct
other small nerves, bv and lymphatics

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2
Q

describe the anterior mediastinum

A

only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line

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3
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior mediastinum

A

front - sternum
behind - pericardium
lat - pleura
sup - transverse plane passing sternal angle
inf - diaphragm

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4
Q

what are the structures inside the anterior mediastinum

A

loose areolar tissue
lymphatic vessels which ascend from the convex surface of liver
2 or 3 anterior mediastinal lymph glands
small mediastinal branches of the internal mammary artery
portion of thymus

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5
Q

describe middle mediastinum

A

broadest part of inf mediastinum
located in pericardial cavity

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6
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain

A

ascending aorta
lower half of the SVC w azygos vein opening into it
bifurcation of the trachea and the 2 bronchi
pulmonary artery and its branches
phrenic nerves
some bronchial lymph gland

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7
Q

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum

A

thoracic part of ascending aorta
azygos and 2 hemiazygos veins
vagus and splanchnic nerves
sympathetic trunk
thoracic duct
lymph glands
esophagus and associated nerve plexus

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8
Q

describe the aorta

A

main arterial trunk that delivers O2 rich blood from LV to the rest of the body

4 parts: ascending, arch, descending, abdominal

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9
Q

describe the ascending aorta

A

from base of LV; has 3 bulges and the sinuses of the aorta

branches: R and L coronary arteries

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10
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic
- right common carotid
internal > brain tissues; circle of willis
external > face, neck, scalp
- right subclavian > UE

left subclavian
left common carotid

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11
Q

where is the descending aorta found

A

found in the posterior mediastinum

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12
Q

what are the branches of the descending aorta

A

bronchial
mediastinal
oesophageal
posterior intercostal
pericardial
superior phrenic
subcostal

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13
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk do

A

convey O2 poor blood from the RV to lungs

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14
Q

what are the branches of the pulmonary trunk

A

R pulmonary artery - behind ascending aorta and SVC to enter right lung

L pulmonary - in front of descending aorta to enter left lung

ligamentum arteriosum - fibrous band connecting the bifurcation of pulmonary trunk to arch aorta

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15
Q

what is the brachiocephalic vein

A

R and L from root of neck recieves blood from subclavian and internal jugular vein

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16
Q

describe the SVC and IVC

A

SVC - combi of 2 brachiocephalic; head, neck and UE

IVC - from LE

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17
Q

describe the pulmonary vein

A

2 from in each; carries O2 rich blood

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18
Q

compare the different azygos veins

A

main - inter something lumbar

inf - lower intercostal, subcostal, lumbar C

sup - upper intercostal

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19
Q

what is the function of the azygos veins

A

drains blood from posterior parts of intercostal space, posterior abdominal wall, pericardium, diaphragm, bronchi and esophagus

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20
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage in the thoracic wall

A

skin of anterior thoracic - anterior axillary > internal thoracic

posterior thoracic - posterior axillary

deep - posterior intercostal

mediastinal structures - bronchomediastinal trunk

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21
Q

describe the thoracic duct

A

it starts from below abdomen as cisterna chyli and ascend through the aortic opening of diaphragm right of the descending aorta

recieves lymph from left jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal

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22
Q

what are the structures founded anterior to esophagus

A

trachea
left recurrent laryngeal
left principal bronchus
pericardium

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23
Q

what are the structures founded posterior to esophagus

Study These Flashcards
A

body of thoracic vertebrae
thoracic duct
azygos vein
right posterior intercostal artery
descending thoracic aorta

24
Q

what are strucutres found at R and L of esophagus

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A

R - mediastinal pleura and terminal azygos

L - left subclavian, aortic arch, thoracic duct, mediastinal pleura

25
what is the arterial supply of esophagus
upper - inferior thyroid middle - esophageal branch of descending aorta lower - left gastric
26
what is the venous drainage of the espohagus
upper - inferior thyroid middle - azygos lower - left gastric vein
27
what is the nerve and lymph supply of the esophagus
parasymph and symph fibers via vagus ant symph trunks lymp: upper - deep cervical middle - sup and inf mediastinal lower - left gastric and celiac
28
describe the thymus
in ant mediastinum; reaches sup media in new born site for development of T-lymphocytes
29
what is bronchitis
inflammation of lining of the tracheobronchial tree acute - infection, virus and less often bacteria chronic - cigarettes and inhaling dust/chemicals
30
what are the symptoms and treatment of bronchitis
inflammation and swelling inc mucus production = hoarseness, cough and fever antibiotics, water, mucolytic
31
what is the emphysema
loss of elasticity of lungs = unable to recoil adequately causing incomplete expi type of COPD involving damage to alveoli = dec O2 diffusion
32
what are the causes and treatment of emphysema
smoking inhalers, O2 medications, surgery
33
what is asthma
bronchi narrows, coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath caused by airway hyperresponsiveness - bronchodilators
34
what is bronchogenic carcinoma
highly malignant primary lung tumor - accounts for most cases of lung cancer - vv poor prognosis - 2nd most common cancer in men - 3rd most common in women - 45-70
35
what are the causes of bronchogenic carcinoma
smoking, second hand smoke, occupational agents, poison gas
36
what are the symptoms and treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma
persistent cough blood tinged sputum or hemoptysis fatigue and weakness chest pain, shortness of breath weight loss or bone pain of pneumonectomy (late) or lobectomy (early)
37
what is tubercolosis
chronic bacterial infection from myobacterium tubercolosis develop after inhale droplets from infected person
38
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
cough w thick and cloudy and bloody mucus for > 2wks rapid heartbeat swollen neck - lymph fever, chills, night sweats fatigue and muscle weakness loss of appetite and weight loss shortness of breath and cheast pain
39
what is postural drainage
patient is positioned to let gravity assist in drainage of excessive bronchial secretions sa lobes
40
describe valvular heart disease
inflammation in valve that causes valves to stick and fibrous thickening; loss of flexibility and shrinkage narrowing - stenosis = hypertrophy regurgitation - incompetence = babalik RHD - mitral
41
when are heart murmurs heard
stenosis - before closure of AV valves regurgitation - ventric systole
42
what is coronary heart disease
block in coronary artery that causes necrosis/myocardial infarc due to arteriosclerosis ischemia > angina pectoris - aggravated by exertion and relieved by rest or vasodilators
43
what are the causes and symptoms of cardiac pain
O2 deficiency and accumulation of metabolites; myocardial infarc pain - mild discomfort - severe crushing - referred to skin supplied by upper 4 intercostal
44
what is differential diagnosis from cardiac pain
GERD - acid reflux; relieved by sit patient or sleep w a higher pillow, antacid
45
describe conducting system problem
arrhythmia caused by arteriosclerosis of coronary artery diminishes blood supply to conducting system
46
what are the conducting system problems in the atria
tachycardia - inc in cardiac rate; > 100 bpm atrial flutter - tachycardia > arrhythmia; usually regular atrial fibrillation - more chaotic atrial arrhythmia; fast and irregular ventricular rate
47
what is the causes right sided heart failure
as a result of left sided heart failure COPD and pulmonary fibrosis
48
what is the causes left sided heart failure
LV loses its ability to contract normally = cant pump w enough force to push blood into circulation LV loses ability to relax = cant fill up during resting period
49
describe congestive heart failure
as blood flows out of heart: - it slows - blood returning to heart through veins back up = congestion in body tissues swelling - edema fluid collects in lungs - dyspnea - easily fatigue - shortness of breath when laying down - orthopnea
50
what is v-tach
rapid heartbeat from ventricles; keeps heart from adequately filling
51
what is v-fib
erratic disorganized firing of impulse from ventricles
52
what is tetralogy of fallot
4 anatomic abnormalities: - stenosed pulmonary trunk - large ventricular septal defect - overriding of aorta - hypertrophy of RV
53
what is atrial septal defect
small opening at foramen ovale causing mixture of O2 rich blood from LA
54
what is ventricular septal defect
most common congenital heart malformation closes in growth - no surgery blood shift from left to right > RV enlarges
55
what is patent ductus arteriosus
distal aortic arch connects w left pulmonary artery high psi in pulmonary artery = pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy of RV
56
what is the coarctation of aorta
dilatation or aneurysm of aorta showing as pulsalite swelling in suprasternal notch narrowing of aorta = decrease pulse in femoral artery collaterals to compensate develops
57
what is CABG
coronary artery bypass graft used to treat CAD by bypassing the blocked portion of coronary artery sources of graft: - internal thoracic artery - radial artery - saphenous vein

pt momints ver 2.0 (14 decks)

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