Kinesiology 5

Question 1

tendon

Answer 1

a fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Question 2

musculotendinous junction

Answer 2

point where muscle meets tendon

Question 3

tenoperiosteal junction

Answer 3

point where tendon meets bone

Question 4

insertion

Answer 4

more movable bone

Question 5

origin

Answer 5

the more stable bone

Question 6

normal muscle action

Answer 6

insertion to origin

Question 7

reverse muscle action

Answer 7

origin to insertion

Question 8

parallel muscle fibers

Answer 8

tend to be longer and thus have a greater potential for shortening and producing more range of motion

Question 9

oblique muscle fibers

Answer 9

tend to be shorter, but more numerous. They tend to have greater strength potential, but a smaller range of motion potential

Question 10

strap muscle

Answer 10

parallel muscle fiber, long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle

Question 11

fusiform muscle

Answer 11

parallel muscle, has shape similar to that of a spindle. It5 is wider in the middle and tapers at both ends. most, but not all, fibers run the length of the muscle. The muscle may be of any length size

Question 12

rhomboidal muscle

Answer 12

parallel muscle, four-sided, usually flat, with braod attachments at each end

Question 13

triangular muscle

Answer 13

parallel muscle, flat and fan shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other

Question 14

unipennate

Answer 14

oblique muscle, looks like one side of a feather, a series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon

Question 15

bipennate muscle

Answer 15

oblique muscle, looks like a common feather, fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon

Question 16

multipennate muscle

Answer 16

oblique muscle, has many tendons with oblique fibers in between

Question 17

normal resting length

Answer 17

the length of a muscle when it is not shortened or lengthened, it has no forces or stresses placed upon it

Question 18

irritability

Answer 18

the ability to respond to a stimulus

Question 19

contractility

Answer 19

the muscle’s ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation

Question 20

extensibility

Answer 20

a muscles’s ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied

Question 21

elasticity

Answer 21

a muscle’s ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed

Question 22

fascicles

Answer 22

groups of muscle fibers that are bound together into a bundle

Question 23

myofibril

Answer 23

small bundles of fiber that composes a muscle fiber

Question 24

sacromere

Answer 24

functional divisions that are partitioned longitudinally in myofibrils

Question 25

z-line

Answer 25

separate sacromeres

Question 26

actin filaments

Answer 26

one of two small filaments that a sacromere is comprised of

Question 27

myosin

Answer 27

one of two small filaments that a sacromere is comprised of. These filaments have heads that when stimulated reach out to bind with actin filaments. Once bound they exert force on the actin filament and pull the actin filaments together

Question 28

sliding filament theory

Answer 28

describes the interaction between the actin and the myosin and explains how force is produced during a muscle contraction and how the sacromere is shortened

Question 29

Tension

Answer 29

the force built up within a muscle

Question 30

passive tension

Answer 30

stretching builds up passive tension

Question 31

active tension

Answer 31

from the contractile units and the force generated

Question 32

total tension

Answer 32

the combination of passive and active tension

Question 33

tone

Answer 33

slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, a state of readiness that allows the muscle to act more easily and quickly when needed.

Question 34

excursion

Answer 34

that distance from maximum length to maximum shortening

Question 35

concentric contraction

Answer 35

where origin and insertion move closer together

Question 36

eccentric contraction

Answer 36

where origin and insertion move farther apart

Question 37

optimal length

Answer 37

when a muscle is at slight stretch

Question 38

active insufficiency

Answer 38

the point at which a muscle can not shorten any farther, occurs with the agonist

Question 39

passive insufficiency

Answer 39

muscle cannot be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers, occurs with the antagonist

Question 40

adaptive lengthening

Answer 40

a muscle that has been chronically over stretched and developed a new resting length, strengthening exercise are used to correct

Question 41

adaptive shortening

Answer 41

a muscle that has been chronically shortened and developed a new resting length and a decrease in the amount of extensibility, stretching exercise are used to correct

Question 42

adaptive shortening

Answer 42

'tight muscle'

Question 43

tenodesis

Answer 43

tendon action of a muscle

Question 44

isometric contraction

Answer 44

contraction of muscle, producing force without changing the length of a muscle

Question 45

concentric contraction

Answer 45

isotonic contraction, occurs when there is joint movement

Question 46

shortening contraction

Answer 46

concentric contraction

Question 47

eccentric contraction

Answer 47

isotonic contraction, there is joint movement, but the muscle appears to lengthen while still contracting, can produce much greater force than a concentric contraction

Question 48

lengthening contractions~

Answer 48

eccentric contractions

Question 49

isokinetic copntraction

Answer 49

the speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction.

Question 50

agonist muscle

Answer 50

muscle that causes the motion

Question 51

agonist muscle

Answer 51

prime mover

Question 52

assisting mover

Answer 52

not as effective as prime mover, but does assist in providing motion

Question 53

antagonist muscle

Answer 53

performs opposite motion of agonist

Question 54

cocontraction

Answer 54

when the antagonist contracts as the same time as the agonist

Question 55

stabilizer

Answer 55

a muscle that supports, or makes firm, a part allowing the agonist to work more efficiently

Question 56

neutralizer

Answer 56

contracts to prevent any unwanted motion

Question 57

synergist

Answer 57

a muscle that works with one or more muscles to enhance a particular motion

Question 58

closed kinetic chain

Answer 58

distal segment is fixed (closed) and the propximal segment(s) moves.

Question 59

open kinetic chain

Answer 59

The distal segment(s) is free to move while the proximal segments stay stationary

Question 60

strain

Answer 60

overstretching of muscle fibers

Question 61

trigger points

Answer 61

hyperirritable points within a tight band of muscle that refer pain to other areas of the body when they are palpated

Question 62

tendonitis

Answer 62

inflammation of a tendon