KINGDOM PLANTAE Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
are multicellular, photosynthetic
eukaryotes.
A
Plants
2
Q
their evolution is marked by adaptations
to a land existence.
A
Plants
3
Q
A land environment does offer certain
A
advantages
4
Q
does offer certain advantages.
A
land environment
5
Q
A land environment does offer 2 certain
advantages.
A
– Plentiful light for photosynthesis
– CO2 is present in higher concentrations and diffuses more readily in air
6
Q
A land environment does offer certain
advantages but
A
Constant threat of desiccation
Gravity
7
Q
Constant threat of desiccation
A
(drying out).
8
Q
Two things the water environment provides
A
– plentiful water.
– support for the body of the plant.
9
Q
4 major groups of plants
A
nonvascular plants
seedless bascular plants\
gymbosperms
angiosperms
10
Q
are multicellular embryos and are protected and nourished within the structure that produce an egg
A
nonvascular plants
11
Q
conducts water and organic nutrients within its roots, stems, and leaves
A
vascular tissue
12
Q
vascular tissue conducts water and organic nutrients within its roots, stems, and leaves
A
seedless vascular plants
13
Q
seeds produced in seed cones disperse offspring away from the parent plant
A
gymnosperms
14
Q
flowers produce seeds protected by fruits, which ain in the dispersal of offspring
A
angiosperms
15
Q
example of nonvascular plants
A
mosses
16
Q
exampe of gymnosperms
A
conifers
17
Q
example of seedless vacular plants
A
ferns
18
Q
Land plants and
closely related
green algae are
placed in
A
Streptophyta
19
Q
all photosynthetic eukaryotes were considered members
of the kingdom
A
Plantae.
20
Q
The brown, red, and gold algae, however, have been reassigned to the
A
Protista kingdom
21
Q
have been reassigned to the Protista kingdom
A
brown, red, and gold algae
22
Q
they lack many structural and biochemical traits that
distinguish plants from protists
A
photosynthetic eukaryotes
23
Q
contain the
same carotenoids and
chlorophyll a and b as land
plants,
A
Green algae
24
Q
have different
accessory pigments and
types of chlorophyll
molecules in addition to
chlorophyll a.
A
other algae
25
Both green algae and land
plants also store
carbohydrates as
starch.
26
Cells in green algae divide
along cell plates called
phragmoplasts,
27
divide
along cell plates called
phragmoplasts, and their
cell walls are layered in the
same manner as the cell
walls of embryophytes.
green algae
28
land plants
and closely related green
algae are now part of a
new monophyletic group
called
Streptophyta.
29
The remaining green algae, which
belong to a group called
Chlorophyta,
30
include more than
7000 different species that live in
fresh or brackish water, in seawater,
or in snow patches.
Chlorophyta
31
divided into three phyla:
bryophytes
32
The bryophytes are divided into three phyla:
liverworts or Hepaticophyta
hornworts or Anthocerotophyta
mosses or true Bryophyta.
33
are the group of plants
that are the closest extant relative of
early terrestrial plants.
Bryophytes
34
The first bryophytes
(liverworts)
35
most likely appeared in the
Ordovician period, about 450 million
years ago.
(liverworts)
36
Because of the lack of lignin and
other resistant structures, the
likelihood of bryophytes forming
fossils is
rather small
37
38
They generally lack lignin and do
not have actual tracheids (xylem
cells specialized for water
conduction).
Bryophytes
39
circulate inside specialized
conducting cells.
water and nutrients
40
Although the term non- tracheophyte is more accurate, bryophytes are commonly called
nonvascular plants.
41
other word for nonvascular plants.
non- tracheophyte
42
example of Bryophytes
(mosses, worts)
43
Nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
44
are represented today by three phyla of small
herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:
Bryophytes
45
lack specialized means of
transport for water and nutrients.
Nonvascular Plants
46
Gametophyte is the dominant generation
Nonvascular Plants
47
what is the dominant generation of Nonvascular Plants
Gametophyte
48
have no true roots, stems, and leaves.
Nonvascular Plants
49
anchor the plants
Rhizoids
50
they are Heterosporous
Nonvascular Plants
51
their Eggs made in the archegonium
Nonvascular Plants
52
Nonvascular Plants eggs made in the
archegonium
53
sperms in antheridium is ----
Flagellated
54
Flagellated sperm in
antheridium
55
needs to swim to
egg in film of water to
make zygote
Sperm
56
➔Sperm needs to swim to
egg in film of water to
make
zygote
57
have either flattened thallus (body) or
leafy appearance with no true root, no stem.
Liverworts
58
liverworts Asexually reproduce by
gemmae
59
(group of cells that detach from the thallus and can start a new plant)
gemmae
60
usually have a leafy shoot.
Mosses
61
Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation.
Mosses
62
Mosses Can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation
63
they prefer dump, moist and shaded
location, but could survive in deserts too
Mosses
64
can achieve enormous heights, thus competing successfully for light.
Vascular plants,
65
these become leaves, and vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and fixed carbon throughout the organism
Photosynthetic organs
66
The vascular plants, or also called as
tracheophytes
67
are the dominant
and most conspicuous group of
land plants.
vascular plants or tracheophytes
68
represent more than 90 percent
of Earth’s vegetation.
Vascular plants
69
may have been
successful at the transition from
an aquatic habitat to land, but
they are still dependent on water
for reproduction, and absorb
moisture and nutrients through
the gametophyte surface.
Bryophytes
70
Bryophytes may have been
successful at the transition from
an aquatic habitat to land, but
they are still dependent on water
for reproduction, and absorb
moisture and nutrients through
the
gametophyte surface
71
The lack of roots for absorbing
water and minerals from the soil,
as well as a lack of reinforced
conducting cells, limits
bryophytes to small sizes.
72
in reasonably dry conditions, they cannot reproduce and expand their habitat range in the absence of water.
Vascular plants,
73
they dominate the natural
landscape
Tracheophytes
74
conducts water and
dissolved minerals up from roots
Xylem
75
conducts sucrose and
other organic compounds
throughout the plant
Phloem
76
strengthens walls of
conducting cells in xylem
Lignin
77
Lycophytes and Pterophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
78
2 examples of Seedless Vascular Plants
Lycophytes and Pterophytes
79
They have true leaves and
roots
Seedless Vascular Plants
80
Sporophyte is dominant
Seedless Vascular Plants
81
what is dominant in Seedless Vascular Plants
Sporophyte
82
they are Homosporous
Seedless Vascular Plants
83
Sperm cells are flagellated
Seedless Vascular Plants
84
Seedless Vascular Plants Includes 4 plants
– Club Mosses (a)
– Whisk Ferns (b)
– Horsetails (c)
– Ferns (d)
85
Addition of new cells in a root occurs at the
apical meristem
86
Subsequent enlargement of
apical meristems causes the organ to
grow and elongate
87
protects the fragile
apical meristem as the root tip is pushed
through the soil by cell elongation.
root cap
88
The root cap protects the fragile
apical meristem as the root tip is pushed
through the soil by
cell elongation
89
are the earliest
group of seedless vascular
plants.
club mosses or phylum Lycopodiophyta
90
what period plants had evolved
vascular tissue, well-defined leaves, and root systems.
With these advantages, plants increased in height and
size.
late Devonian period
91
during what period swamp forests
of club mosses and horsetails—some specimens
reaching heights of more than 30 m (100 ft)—covered
most of the land.
Carboniferous period
92
is still required for fertilization of seedless
vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment.
Water
93
Modern-day seedless tracheophytes include ------- ------ ----- ----
club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns
94
The first plants to colonize land were most likely closely related to modern day
mosses (bryophytes)
95
They were followed by liverworts (also bryophytes) and primitive vascular plants—the pterophytes—from which modern ---- are derived
ferns
96
is characterized by the alternation of generations, like gymnosperms and angiosperms;
bryophytes and pterophytes
97
The lifecycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, like
gymnosperms and angiosperms
97
what sets bryophytes and pterophytes apart from gymnosperms and angiosperms is their
reproductive requirement for water.
98
reproductive requirement for water because of ---
reproduction and movement of sperm
99
two critical adaptations to drought, and to
reproduction that doesn’t require water—distinguish seed plants from other (seedless) vascular plants.
Seeds and pollen
100
were innovative structures that allowed seed plants to
break their dependence on water for reproduction and development of the embryo, and to conquer dry land.
Pollen and seed
101
meaning “naked
seeds,” are a diverse group of
seed plants and are paraphyletic.
Gymnosperms,
102
Gymnosperms, meaning “naked
seeds,” are a diverse group of
seed plants and are
paraphyletic
103
Their characteristics include
naked seeds, separate female
and male gametes, pollination by
wind, and tracheids
Gymnosperms
104
(which transport water and solutes in the vascular system).
tracheids
105
are the dominant
phylum of gymnosperms
Conifers
106
Conifers are the dominant
phylum of
gymnosperms
107
The wood of conifers is more
primitive than the wood of
angiosperms;
108
The wood of ------ is more
primitive than the wood of
angiosperms;
conifers
109
The wood of conifers is ---- ----- than the wood of angiosperms;
more primitive
110
it contains tracheids, but no
vessel elements, and is therefore
referred to as “soft wood.”
Gymnosperms
111
112
no vessel elements, and is therefore referred to as
“soft wood.”
113
The success of angiosperms is
due to two novel reproductive
structures:
flowers and fruit
114
are classified in a
single phylum: the Anthophyta.
Angiosperms
115
Angiosperms are classified in a
single phylum: the
Anthophyta.
116
Modern angiosperms appear to
be a
monophyletic group
117
Flowering plants are divided
into two major groups:
according to the structure of
the
cotyledons and pollen grains,
118
include grasses and
lilies,
Monocots
119
include eudicots
dicots
120
(A) Monocots include grasses and
lilies, and eudicots or (B) dicots
form a
polyphyletic group.
121
6 Some adaptations of plants to life on land:
– Alternation of generations
– Apical growth
– Protection of the embryo from drying out.
– Waxy cuticle on leaves
– Internal ‘skeleton’
– Vascular system
122
123
Waxy cuticle on leaves to prevent
drying out
124
Internal ‘skeleton’ (most plants) to oppose
gravity
125
in (most plants) to oppose gravity.
Internal ‘skeleton’
126
(in most plants) to move water
internally.
Vascular system
127
Advent of nourishment of a multicellular embryo
within the body of the female plant
Nonvascular Plants
128
Advent of vascular tissue
Seedless vascular plants
129
group that Produce seeds
Gymnosperms
130
Attract pollinators with flowers that give rise to fruits
Angiosperms
131
Flowering Plants =
Angiosperms
