KKDP4: process of memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

Memory is an active processing system that receives, stores, organizes and recovers information required.
this is achieved through three processes:
- encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 2

Encoding:

Answer 2

• A memory begins when we take different types of information from our external or internal environment
• this info is in raw sensory form
• therefore it has no meaning, so it must be encoded into a meaningful form
• also takes place when we ‘attach meaning’ to information from our short-term memory to make it ready for storage

Question 3

Storage:

Answer 3

The encoded memory is then held in the long-term memory for a period of time/use.

Question 4

Retrieval:

Answer 4

If storage is to be used, it must be retrieved or taken out of storage
- retrieval involves locating information stored in LTM and bringing it back to consiousnesss

Question 5

ATKIN AND SHIFFRIN MULTI’S STORE MODEL OF MEMORY:

Answer 5

• comprises of multiple memory stores that operate independently, but are inter-related.
• sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

Question 6

Sensory memory:

Answer 6

• new sensory information/’raw data’ enters the sensory memory system
• seperate storage facilities for each sense register
• holds lots of memory for a brief time
• iconic and echoic

Question 7

Iconic memory:

Answer 7

• sensory storage register for visual sensations
• capacity: virtually unlimited
• duration: very brief (approx 0.3 secs)
• visual info changes quickly, it’s delt very quickly

Question 8

Echoic memory:

Answer 8

• sensory storage register for auditory sensations
• capacity: virtually unlimited
• duration: 3 - 4 seconds
• duration is longer so sounds & language can be encoded

Question 9

SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)

Answer 9

• aka working memory
• stored a limited amount of info for a brief period (unless rehearsed)
• holds info, and thoughts you are aware of
• receives info from short term and long term memory

Question 10

EXAMPLE OF SHORT TERM MEMORY?

Answer 10

• when listening to someone speak, STM receives sounds from echoic memory, and then calls on info stored in LTM to ‘interpret’ the words

Question 11

CAPACITY OF SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)

Answer 11

• limited
• 7 +/- ‘bits’ of info (5-9)
• once the capacity is reached/full, new info can only enter by displacing some of the older information
• sensitive to interferences
• can also be increased by chunking

Question 12

DURATION OF SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)

Answer 12

• limited duration of: 18-30 seconds
• if you don’t use the info it’ll decay
• info is maintained in the STM by actively rehearsing

Question 13

CHUNKING?

Answer 13

chunking involves increasing the size of the ‘bits’
- number of bits doesnt change
- but the size does
- therefore the overall capacity of stm has increased

Question 14

LONG TERM MEMORY?

Answer 14

• relatively permanent memory system
• organied (more than stm)
• info is retrieved using ‘cues’, e.g. looking at a photo and naming the people in it
• info typically stored ‘semantically’, based on it’s meaning
• implicit and explicit

Question 15

SCHEMATIC OF LTM:

Answer 15

explicit/declarative:
- episodic (life, events)
- semantic (words, ideas, concepts)

implicit/non declarative:
- procedural (skills)
- emotional conditioning

Question 16

IMPLICIT MEMORIES?

Answer 16

• a type of long-term memory that is formed unconsciously (you show it, you remember it)
• procedural: ‘how to memories’ e.g. tying shoelaces
• emotional conditioning: learned reaction
  e.g. seeing a friend in the crowds results to happiness, fear of spiders

Question 17

EXPLICIT MEMORIES

Answer 17

• a type of long-term memory that is formed and received consciously (you know, you remember it)
• semantic: general knowledge
  e.g tokyo is the capital of jp
• episodic: personal experiences
  e.g. going to vietnam

Question 18

EPISODIC MEMORY:

Answer 18

• type of autobiographical memory
• stores personally significant events or episodes
• includes memories of emotions experiences, the context, and people involved in a situation
  e.g. first day of year 7

Question 19

SEMANTIC MEMORY:

Answer 19

• factual info we use for making meaning to understand the world
• impersonal
  e.g. knowing the names of objects, months of the year, mathematical concepts

Question 20

MAINTENANCE REHERSAL

Answer 20

• repeating information over and over without thinking about its meaning.
• keeps info in short term but not long term
  e.g. repeating phone number to yourself before dialing

Question 21

ELABORATIVE REHERSAL

Answer 21

• linking new info to things we already know, by thinking about the meaning
• helps move info to the ltm
  e.g. remembering someones name by linking it to a famous person

Question 22

HOW CAN STM INCREASE CAPACITY AND DURATION?

Answer 22

capacity: by chunking
duration: rehearsing (2 types: elaborative and maintainence)