WAYS OF LEARNING/MNEMONICS Flashcards
(23 cards)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
a simple form of learning, which occurs due to the repeated association of the neutral stimulus (NS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response
e.g. Pavlov’s dog experiment
WHAT TYPE OF LEARNING IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING? +learner
- automatic, involuntary, reflexive responses
- learner is passive
WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
learning process in which the consequence of that behavior will determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in he future
e.g. B.F. SKINNER
- 3 phase model
3 phase model?
Antecedent: a stimulus occurring before the behavior (what happens before)
Behavior: a stimulus occurring due to the antecedent (during)
Consequence: To the behavior (after)
REINFORCEMENT?
- stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring
PUNISHMENT?
- a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior from reoccurring
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT?
adding something good to increase behavior
e.g. getting a gold star for doing your homework
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT? aka response cost
removing something unpleasant to increase behavior)
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT?
adding something good to decrease behavior
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT?
removal of a undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior
WHAT TYPE OF LEARNING IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
- non-reflexive, voluntary behaviors
- active
WHAT ARE MNEMONICS?
techniques, devices or strategies used to aid encoding, storage and retrieval of information
- used to enhance memory
- exist in both written and oral culture
WHAT IS AN ACRONYM
a word formed from the first letter of each word to be remembered and is pronounceable
for e.g.
FACE (guitar)
WHAT IS AN ACROSTIC?
phrases in which he firs leer of each word funcion as a cue o help with recall
e.g. Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
METHOD OF LOCI?
- committing a familiar location or a similiar locations to memory
- visually linking these locations with information that needs to be recalled
DAY DREAMING?
- a guide to life and living
- not just stories, it is art, songs and dance
- forged into island itself
SONGLINES?
- sung narratives of the landscape that weave across the country
- to use them, first nations people physically move through the landscape
- ‘Yingabeal’ marks the point where 5 diff song lines routes meet and come together
SONGLINES AND BRAIN REGIONS?
- songlines can enhance encoding, storage and retrieval of information to the role of appropriate brain regions
(hippocampus, neocortex and amygdala)
SONGLINES VS METHOD OF LOCI:
- both support multi-model system (encoding of long-term memory)
- elaborative rehearsal
- song lines: deep encoding by connecting knowledge to stories, songs, dance, culture etc
- method of loci enhances memory through visualisation and spatial navigation, helps retrieve info by mentally ‘walking’ through a known route
MNEMONICS - Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
- mnemonics are active during encoding stage
- while info is being encoded - retrieval cues that will make info easier to find are added
- info is added to storage material, storing info in ltm where it’s easy to ocate
- then connects new info to existing form
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
occurs when someone observes a model’s actions and the consequences of their action to guide their future behavior
e.g. The Bobo Doll experiment
Elements of Observational learning? ARRMR
Attention: “actively focused” on the model
Retention: Storing “mental representation”
Reproduction: “Physical/Mental capacity” to approximate the observed behavior
Motivation: “Desire to perform” the learned behavior
Reinforcement: Influences the motivation (3 types)
3 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT?
Extrinsic reinforcement: Observer is rewarded directly for imitating the model’s behavior
Vicarious reinforcement: Observer seeing someone else (the model) being rewarded
Intrinsic reinforcement: Observer gives themselves an award, do it for them self.
