knowledge Flashcards

(44 cards)

1
Q

what is mental imagery

A

imagining something that is not there

doesnt need to be real or possible

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2
Q

what are mental images for

A

trying things out
testing hypothesis
solving problems

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3
Q

what is guided imagery

A

a method of relaxation which concentrates the mind on positive images in an attempt to reduce pain/stress

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4
Q

what can guided imagery be used for

A

pain management
meditative techniques
phobia and disorder managements

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5
Q

dual code theory

A

pavio 1971

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6
Q

pavio 1971

A

dual code theory

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7
Q

what is dual code theory

A

two codes that allow us to store information
words
mental images

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8
Q

what is the ‘word’ code

A

words are stored symbolically in a representational unit called ‘lologens’
they are symbols that when put together read and translated, make a word

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9
Q

what is the ‘mental images’ code

A

mental images are analogues like the physical stimuli to which they refer
photos of the things we are trying to store
stored in a representational unit called ‘imagens’

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10
Q

pavio 1969

A

provided evidence for dual code theory

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11
Q

evidence for dual code theory

A

pavio 1969

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12
Q

evidence for dual code theory

study

A

present words/pictures rapidly to participants
asked to recall freely or in order
it is easier to recall pictures freely but words in order
makes sense because words have a sequence to them

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13
Q

what is the alternative to dual code theory

A

propositional theory

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14
Q

propositional theory

A

pylyshyn 1973

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15
Q

pylysyn 1973

A

propositional theory

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16
Q

what is propositional theory

A

knowledge is presented as a language called mentalese
it is how concepts engage and work together that matters
images come later

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17
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion
e.g. can apply the statement “all cars have headlights” to a BMW even if you have never seen a BMW

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18
Q

what is a syllogism

A

a conclusion that is drawn from 2 given or assumed propositions

19
Q

what are 2 problems of deductive reasoning

A

series problems

syllogisms

20
Q

what are series problems

A

reviewing a set of statements and arriving at a conclusion not contained in any single statement

21
Q

what is mental manipulation

A

operating on an item once you’ve imagined it

22
Q

what 2 things are functionally equivalent

A

mental imagery and visual perception

23
Q

what does functional equivalence mean

A

being at somewhere gives you the same experience as imagining it
e.g. pub

24
Q

mental rotation

A

shepherd and meltzer 1971

25
shepherd and meltzer 1971
mental rotation
26
mental rotation | study
have to mentally rotate a figure built out of blocks to match another figure speed to match figure depends on how many times you need to rotate the figures to match shows functional equivalence
27
what is a mental model
an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world
28
mental models may take which 3 forms
images propositions mental models
29
kosslyn
island task
30
island task
kosslyn
31
kosslyn's island task
imagine you are stood at the hut, press a button when you find the swamp. the speed to scan the island was directly related to the distance between objects it's a mental image so should be able to jump around the place however, we experience functional equivalence
32
what are the 4 biases we incur when mapping
alignment heuristic right angle bias relative-position heuristic symmetry heuristic
33
what is the alignment heuristic
align objects mentally to make them straighter
34
what is the right angle bias
straightens out an image and use 90o angles
35
what is the relative-position heuristic
people do not accurately distance landmarks
36
what is the symmetry heuristic
think shapes/buildings being more symmetrical than they actually are
37
language has what?
features and prototypes
38
why does language have features and prototypes?
a way of storing info and having a mental representation of that feature e.g. spikes
39
whats a negative of language having features?
what would go into the category game or bird?
40
what is the prototype theory
rather than defining features, there are characteristic features e.g. dogs have 4 legs but in reality this is not always the case
41
network model
collins and quillian 1969
42
collins and quillian 1969
network model
43
network model | explain
knowledge is stored in a semantic network model | it is organised into a hierarchy
44
network model | study
asked p's to "prove an ostrich is an animal" have to follow on hierarchy results showed response times dependent on position of nodes. further away nodes mean slower response times