language

Question 1

Skinner and Chomsky

Answer 1

behaviourism cannot explain the learning of language. Skinner thought that language can be learnt through reward and punishment for correct and incorrect language.
Chomsky said there must be something innate as a child can copy others but can also create sentences they have never heard before

Question 2

what are the 2 types of language

Answer 2

receptive

productive

Question 3

what is receptive language

Answer 3

receive meaning from someone else
through reading and listening
understanding of words

Question 4

what is productive language

Answer 4

produce speech

tell motor sensors to move mouth to make the correct sound

Question 5

there are 6 ways to describe language, what are they

Answer 5

semantics
syntax
morphology
pragmatics
phonetics
phonology

Question 6

what are semanics

Answer 6

the study of meaning

shared meaning of words between people

Question 7

what is a syntax

Answer 7

the rules of word order

Question 8

what is morphology

Answer 8

study of how words are built from morphemes

Question 9

what is a morpheme

Answer 9

the smallest meaning of a word

Question 10

what are pragmatics

Answer 10

meaning that do not affect the literal truth of something

e.g. sarcasm

Question 11

what is phonetics

Answer 11

acoustic detail of speech sounds

Question 12

what is phonology

Answer 12

study of how sounds relate to languages

Question 13

when listening, you decode what they say, so you go from……

Answer 13

sentence
phrase
word
morphemes
phonemes

Question 14

when talking, you encode what you want to say so you start with

Answer 14

phonemes
morphemes
words
phrases
sentences

Question 15

what is a word

Answer 15

smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by itself

Question 16

what is a phrase

Answer 16

small group of words standing together

Question 17

what is a sentence

Answer 17

noun and verb phrase

Question 18

what is the mental lexicon

Answer 18

a structure that stores our mental representations of the words we have which are connected via semantics

Question 19

semantic priming

Answer 19

neely 1991

Question 20

neely 1991

Answer 20

semantic priming

Question 21

semantic priming

study

Answer 21

reaction times were recorded for words that are semantically related. words were presented so quickly that the participants probably didnt see it.
if dog is presented before the word wolf, reaction time for wolf was faster than if unprimed
if triangle was presented before the word wolf, reaction times were slower because it was unprimed
dog and wolf have semantic associations

Question 22

associative priming

Answer 22

meyer and schvanveldt 1971

Question 23

meyer and schvanveldt 1971

Answer 23

associative priming

Question 24

associative priming

study

Answer 24

reaction times were recorded for words that were associatively related.
if spider was presented before the word web, reaction times were faster than if web was unprimed
if biscuit was presented before the word web, reaction times for web were slower because it was unprimed

Question 25

how do we produce speech

Answer 25

levelt 1999

Question 26

levelt 1999

Answer 26

how do we produce speech

Question 27

levelt 1999 | 3 stages

Answer 27

conceptualisation formulation articulation

Question 28

levelt 1999 | what is conceptualisation

Answer 28

idea/thought/feeling you want to get across to someone

Question 29

levelt 1999 | what is formulation

Answer 29

formulate the message using the tools of language to express

Question 30

levelt 1999 | what is articulation

Answer 30

create speech sounds

Question 31

tip of tongue state

Answer 31

brown and mcneill 1966

Question 32

brown and mcneill 1966

Answer 32

tip of tongue state

Question 33

tip of tongue state | study

Answer 33

gave participants definition of rare words and noticed 3 possible outcomes 1-identify and generate correct word 2-identify and generate incorrect word 3-identify but cannot generate word this is tip of tongue state if those in outcome 3 were asked to generate all know knowledge of that word, they could they just couldnt identify the word why? activation is not going to target word, nodes around are not being triggered enough to activate the target word.

Question 34

how do we perceive speech?

Answer 34

how do we separate sounds/speech coming from the other sounds coming in speech segmentation-how do we know where one word stops and another begins? people pronounce words differently in isolation compared to in normal speech co-articulation- the way we pronounce phonemes can change depending on proceeding/following phonemes

Question 35

decoding speech

Answer 35

pollack and pickett 1964

Question 36

pollack and pickett 1964

Answer 36

decoding speech

Question 37

decoding speech | study

Answer 37

recorded natural conversations between people and asked p's to identify sections of speech in one of two conditions condition 1-individual words 505 ACCURACY condition 2-sequence of 7 consecutive words- 90% ACCURACY demonstrates a top down effect conceptual information helps guide basic processes it is easier for us to identify words in sentences as we can use the context to understand

Question 38

phonetic restoration effect

Answer 38

warren 1970

Question 39

warren 1970

Answer 39

phonetic restoration effect

Question 40

phonetic restoration effect | study

Answer 40

in a video, a 0.12 second portion is removed and replaced with a cough. When we go to figure out the word missing, we restore the missing sound and not split it into 2 separate sounds/words. We use our top down knowledge to make an educated guess.

Question 41

cohort model

Answer 41

marslen-wilson 1990+1994

Question 42

marslen and wilson 1990 and 1994

Answer 42

cohort model

Question 43

cohort model | study

Answer 43

early in the speech stream, words that match the incoming signal become activated-they are a COHORT of potential candidates. the better the match, the higher the activation activation levels can decrease as the speech stream progresses which can lead to words being eliminated from the cohort, the uniqueness point is the point at which there is only one candidate left

Question 44

reading words | what do we do when we read

Answer 44

we read to extract meaning from print. | it depends whether we have an existing representation of that word stored in our mental lexicon

Question 45

reading words | when we read, we use our mental lexicon which is split into 4 sections

Answer 45

semantic-what it means grammatical-how to use it phonological-what words it sounds like orthographic-look of letters/word

Question 46

word superiority effect

Answer 46

reicher 1960

Question 47

reicher 1960

Answer 47

word superiority effect

Question 48

word superiority effect

Answer 48

the phenomenon whereby people are better to identify if a letter is present in a real word as compared to a non real word