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Knowledge Check 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the continental margin consist of?

A
  • c. shelf
  • c. Slope
  • c. Rise
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2
Q

2.20

A

📝

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3
Q

Surface currents and the 🌬 wind are influenced by

A

The Coriolis effect

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4
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Anything under 🌍 surface curves bc 🌍 roundness and rotation

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5
Q

Coriolis effect in Southern vs. Northern Hemisphere

A

Northern: curves to right
Southern: curves to left

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6
Q

Why is the Coriolis effect important?

A

Winds and currents move long distances

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7
Q

Missiles and Coriolis effect

A
  • will not hit the planned 🎯
  • 🌍 rotates
  • space: straight line
  • observer: curved
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8
Q

What are winds driven by?

A

🌞 energy

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9
Q

What are all major surface currents of the open ocean driven by?

A

Wind and heat energy

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10
Q

Angles of surface currents. What’s the cause of this?

A
  • 45 degrees

- Coriolis effect

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11
Q

Ekman spiral

A
  • Each Layer*
  • pushes on the one ⬇️
  • moves slower than the one ⬆️
  • moves more to the right (northern) or left (southern) than the one ⬆️
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12
Q

TF: 🌬 isn’t felt at all at certain depths

A

T

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13
Q

Ekman layer

A

Upper part of 💧column affected by 🌬

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14
Q

Ekman transport

A

Net water movement at 90 degrees from 🌬 direction

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15
Q

Trade winds

A

45 degree towards equator

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16
Q

Westerlies

A
  • middle latitudes

- opp direction of trade winds

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17
Q

Polar easterlies

A
  • high latitude

- most variable

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18
Q

How is wind created?

A
  • 🌞 energy heats Equator: air rises

- higher latitudes replaces ^

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19
Q

Equatorial currents

A
  • Move parallel to equator

- created by trade winds

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20
Q

TF: surface temp is higher on eastern sides of the ocean than western

A

F

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21
Q

3.20

A

📝

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22
Q

Gyres

A
  • Circular systems of surface currents

- heat from 🌴 to polar

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23
Q

What affects currents?

A
  • Weather and seasons
  • seabed
  • tides
  • coastline shape
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24
Q

Western sides of ocean vs eastern

A

Western: currents carry warm 💧 away fo equator
Eastern: cold currents to equator

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25
TF: sea surface temperature isn’t affected by gyres
F
26
Layers of ocean
- surface layer/mixed layer - intermediate layer - deep and bottom layers
27
Subtidal zone
- Part of c.shelf | - never exposed at low tide
28
Subtidal zone aka
Sublittoral zone
29
Subtidal zone is from
Low tide lev to the s.break
30
TF: The continental shelf is more wider on active margins than passive margins
F
31
Where does the benthos of the continental shelf live?
Subtidal zone
32
Neritic zone
Pelagic environment above c.shelf
33
Characteristics of c.shelf
- show water | - close to land
34
TF: temp varies from place to place in subtidal zone
T
35
Are there more or less species in the tropics than in temperate or polar waters
More
36
Bottom of subtidal
- affected by 🌊 and currents | - temp and salinity are close to surface
37
Turbulence. What does it prevent?
- Water movement | - stratification
38
Stratification
Water separation
39
TF: Open ocean is far more productive and plankton-rich than the water over c.shelf
F
40
How are subtidal communities classified?
Type of substrate
41
What is most of the continental shelf covered by?
Muddy or sandy substrates (soft bottom)
42
Where do soft sediment areas stretch from?
Shore to c.shelf edge
43
Distribution in soft-bottom subtidal communities
Influenced by - particle size - sediment stability - light - temperature - substrate
44
Soft-bottom subtidal communities | What types of organisms dominate?
Infauna, deposit and suspension feeders
45
TF: Soft-bottom subtidal communities share traits with sandy beaches and mudflat communities
T
46
Number of species living in Soft-bottom subtidal communities vs soft-bottom intertidal communities. Why?
Subtidal: ⬆️ species # Intertidal: ⬇️ species # Why? - subtidal doesn’t have desiccation, temp fluctuations, salinity variation issues
47
Particle size and distribution in the Soft-bottom subtidal communities
- different and limited depths - upper layer has more O2 - resource partitioning
48
Soft-bottom subtidal communities | What is O2 used up by?
Decomposition of organic matter-rich mud
49
Which has less organic matter? Which is more porous? Sand or mud?
Sand
50
In what type of sediment can infauna burrow deeper in?
Sand
51
Distribution of Soft-bottom subtidal communities
Patchy-distinct clumps | no reg. or random patterns
52
Why do the Soft-bottom subtidal communities have patchy distributions?
- Planktonic larvae being picky about where to settle and do metamorphosis
53
TF: presence and abundance of a species is always dependent on larvae supply
F
54
Defined feature of unvegetated soft bottom communities
Absence of large seaweeds + plants 🌱
55
How can seaweeds grow in shallow water?
- enough light | - grow on hard surfaces
56
Main primary producers in unvegetated soft bottom communities
- diatoms - algae - bacteria * on sand/mud particles in shallow 💧
57
TF: primary production by benthic primary prodded is very low in the unvegetated soft bottom communities
T
58
Benthic animals in soft bottom subtidal communities
- polychaetes - molluscs - crustaceans - echinoderms
59
Temperate can tropical soft bottoms
Temperate: dominated by mulluscs and polychaetes Tropical: dominated by crustaceans and mulluscs
60
🌴 subtidal communities are influenced by
Sharp seasonal variations in sediment and salinity
61
unvegetated soft bottom communities | What role does detritus play?
- Very imp food source - brought in by currents from productive coastal communities - solid dead matter
62
Meiofauna
- microscopic | - live between sediment particles
63
Meiofauna aka
Interstitial animals
64
What is detritus used by?
Bacteria, meiofauna, benthic invertebrates
65
Deposit feeders
- Feeds on organic matter @ the bottom | - includes infauna
66
Larger benthic organisms in unvegetated soft bottom communities
burrowing deposit feeders
67
Most diverse group of deposit feeders in the soft sediments on the shelf
Polychaetes
68
Animals that are deposit feeders
- trumpet and bamboo worms - lugworms - ❤️ urchins - sand dollars - echiurans - peanut worms - sea 🥒 - 👻 🦐
69
Suspension feeder
- Feeds on detritus and plankton suspended in the 💧 | - includes infauna and filter feeders
70
Filter feeders
- suspension feeder - filters water - 🧹 filtering structures or pumps 💧 - eats food particles
71
Passive suspension feeders
- suspension feeder | - mucus or cilia to move suspended particles to mouth
72
Factors that influence settlement and metamorphosis of planktonic larvae
- water temp - 🧂 - type of bottom - currents - depth - substances released by host/adult
73
Where do deposit feeders dominate? Detritus concentration? Turbulence? O2?
- Mud - more detritus - low turbulence - less O2
74
13.12
📝
75
Where are suspension feeders common? Turbulence? O2? Detritus concentration?
- sandy bottoms - more turbulence - more O2 - Less detritus
76
TF: deposit feeders can exclude suspension feeders
T
77
Bioturbators
- Disturbs sediment while feeding, burying, or burrowing
78
Animals that are bioturbators
infauna, deposit feeders, burrowers
79
Importance of bioturbation
- oxygenates sediment - uncovers deep sediment - buries surface sediment
80
tube builders
- stabilize substrate - slow 💧 flow - ⬇️ particle suspension rate
81
TF: tubes promote burrowing deposit feeders
F. Interference.
82
Most epifaunal invertebrates are
Deposit feeders
83
Scavengers
Feeds on dead organic matter
84
TF: some members of the soft bottom subtidal communities are predators
T
85
What type of predator are demersal fish in the soft bottom communities?
Carnivores
86
Are seagrasses true grasses?
- not true, a flowering marine 🌱
87
Where do seagrasses develop?
- sheltered and shallow 💧 | - estuaries and mangroves
88
TF: meadows of seagrass can contain many species of seaweed
T
89
Seagrass roots, underground stems, “leaves”
- ⚓️ - stabilize sediment - leaves: cut 🌊 action and currents - ⬇️ turbulence
90
Two types of soft bottom subtidal habitats
- seagrasses | - unvegetated soft bottoms
91
What effect does a decrease in turbulence have?
- deposits more finer sediment - affects colonization - clear water, less sediment in 💧
92
Seagrass meadows productivity and biomass.
- high primary production (ranked 3) | - high plant biomass 
93
Seagrass productivity rate
8 grams of fixed carbon a day
94
TF: seaweeds have higher primary production than seagrass
F
95
Why might seagrass have higher primary production than seaweeds?
- true roots (seaweed don’t) | - absorb nutrients in sediment (seaweed get nutrients from 💧)
96
Epiphyte
- photosynthetic organism | - grows on algae or 🌱
97
Epiphyte and seagrass relationship
- ⬆️ productivity in seagrass - shield needed light - microscopic diatoms - epiphytic Cyanobacteria (nitrogen fixers)
98
How much of the seagrasses primary production do herbivores eat?
Less than half
99
How do animals take advantage of the high primary production of seagrasses?
eat decaying leaves and seaweed
100
Are there deposit feeders and filter feeders in seagrass beds? Carnivores?
Yes
101
Detritus in seagrass beds
- in sediment | - exported to other communities
102
Shelter: do more animals live in/on the sediment of unvegetated soft bottoms or seagrasses?
Seagrasses
103
What types of animals live on the leaves of seagrass?
- sessile or crawl - 🐌 - amphipods - tube polychaetes - 🦐 - hydroids
104
Filter feeders that live in the sediment of seagrass meadows
- clams | - 🖊 🐚
105
TF: seagrasses are not a nursery habitat
F
106
Human impacts on seagrasses
- sediment deposition - excess nutrients - overfishing - wasting disease -
107
What activities cause sediment deposition?
- dredging - boat propellers - pollution
108
What happens to seagrass when there is excess nutrients or overfishing?
- ⬆️ epiphytes - block light and photosynthesis - fishes keep them in check
109
What is the cause of the sea grass eating disease? Why does it cause it? Where?
- Labyrinthula - enzymes break contents of cells - dark spots, streaks, patches - ⬇️ photosynthesis - 🌴 and temperate
110
Hard bottom subtidal communities | What do they represent? Are there reefs? What provides the hard substrate?
- submerged extensions or 🪨 shores - yes - calcareous algae, tubes, oyster 🐚
111
Hard bottom subtidal communities Rocky Bottom Desiccation and variety
- no desiccation | - wider variety of organisms
112
Hard bottom subtidal communities Rocky Bottom TF: oil and gas rigs are harmful to rocky bottom communities. Why?
F. Provide a hard bottom.
113
Inhabitants of Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)
- mostly red and brown seaweeds | - filamentous, thin and leafy, branched, encrusting
114
Algal turf
- dense growth | - filamentous
115
Main problem for seaweeds and sessile animals in subtidal
- Place to attach | - space competition
116
Adaptations for seaweeds
more chlorophyll and pigments
117
What factors affect depth zonation
- light - space competition - grazing - predation
118
Life history of seaweeds
- fast growth, short life - colonize on disturbed surfaces - slow growth, long life - alteration
119
Infauna #s and epifauna #s of Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)
lots of epifauna than infauna
120
Seaweed defenses against grazing
- sulfuric acid and phenols | - grow in mullusc 🐚
121
Predator and grazer influence on Hard bottom subtidal communities (Rocky Bottom)
- remove 🪨 residents | - more space
122
Why are some seaweeds in patches?
- larvae and spores settle into cleared areas | - more biodiversity
123
Kelp communities | Productivity? What are they? Where are they found?
- high productivity - brown seaweed - cold water - temperate and subpolar - high latitudes on western side - eastern shores - rocky bottoms
124
13.26
📝
125
Fronds
Leaf like blades
126
Kelp beds vs kelp forests
Beds: Large, dense patches of kelp Forest: fronts float on surface
127
Physical factors that influence kelp communities
- temperature of 💧
128
Warm water tends to lack
Nutrients
129
Distribution of kelp
📝
130
Flow of gyres on Southern and Northern Hemisphere
- southern: counterclockwise | - northern: clockwise
131
Monsoons
- Winds in northern Indian Ocean blow southwest in summer and northeast in winter - upwelling - lower 💧 temp
132
What can kill kelps?
Disappearance of monsoons-⬆️ 🌡
133
Tf: kelps don’t need nutrients
F
134
Fragility of kelp
- stipes can break - holdfasts broken by grazers or heavy 🌊 - drifting kelp entangles them - storms
135
TF: kelps reduce acidification
T
136
TF: All kelps go through a sporophyte generate and gameiphyte generation
T
137
TF: the sporophyte of kelp is the part we don’t see
F
138
Where does growth take place in seaweeds?
- Holdfast | - stipe ends
139
Giant kelp canopy develops in
- deep enough 💧: reduce 🌊 - shallow enough 💧: ☀️ for holdfasts * goldilocks
140
Surface canopy kelps
- bull kelp | Father boa kelp
141
Elk kelp
- mid-water canopy - deep 💧 - edges
142
Seagrass beds/ meadows are dominated by what type of organism?
Seagrass and seaweeds
143
Is there a lot of light under a kelp canopy?
No
144
Understory
- smaller kelps - laminaria and pterygophora - erect fronds above/on bottom
145
Algal turf
- mostly red algae - branching - encrusting
146
What animals live in the holdfasts?
- polychaetes - crustaceans - brittle stars
147
Animals that live on the blades and stipev rea
Tube dwellers, bryozoans, and sessile organisms
148
TF: fishes have ecological niches in kelp communities
T
149
What are small algae grazed by?
Snails, crabs, sea urchins, fishes
150
TF: many grazers eat the large kelp
F
151
Ways that organisms use kelp
- eat drift kelp | - filter feeders eat detritus from drift kelp
152
Drift kelp
- Pieces of kelp - wash ashore or fall to the bottom - exported to other communities
153
Most important grazer in kelp communities
Sea urchins
154
Sea urchin explosion effects
- eat live kelp+seaweeds - eat holdfast and stipe (☠️) - crawling weighs it down
155
What do sea urchin normally eat?
Drift kelp
156
Cause of sea urchin ⬆️
- less 🦦, more urchins, less kelp - more 🦦, less urchins, more kelp - ⬇️ predators, competitors, and drift algae - sewage - larvae survival
157
Chain of events from seals and sea lions to sea urchins
- less seals and sea lions for orcas - orcas changed feeding habit (🦦) - less otters, more urchins
158
Trophic cascade
Changes in abundance of 1 organism changes the abundance of the entire food chain
159
Factors affecting health of kelp forests
- El Niño - climate change - sea urchins - strong 🌊
160
Sea otter infections
Toxoplasma
161
TF: sea otters can help recover seagrasses since there is a trophic cascade. Why?
T. - more 🦦, less 🦀, more epiphyte grazers, less epiphytes=more ☀️ for seagrass - no 🦦, more 🦀, less epiphyte grazers, more epiphytes=less ☀️ for seagrass
162
TF: catastrophic disturbances of kelp communities rarely recover
F
163
El Niño
Warming of surface water in Eastern Pacific
164
TF: geological processes influence marine habitats
T
165
% of ocean in NH vs SH
NH: 61 SH: 80
166
How many basins are there? Name them.
4: - Pacific - Indian - Atlantic - Arctic
167
Are all the oceans interconnected?
Yes.
168
Basin
- Contains 💧 | - SURROUNDED BY continents
169
Why isn’t the Southern Ocean considered a basin?
Ocean SURROUNDS continent (opposite of basin-being surrounded)
170
🌍 formation
- young 🌍 was molten - denser materials sank (center) - less dense: floated (outer layers)
171
🌍 layers in order (center->outer)
Inner core-outer core-lower mantle-upper mantle, asthenosphere-lithosphere-oceanic crust-continental
172
Core
- center - iron rich - inner core: solid - outer core: liquid
173
Mantle
- outside core - semiliquid - swirls +mixes over hundreds of million yrs - 🥵
174
TF: mantle is near the melting point of 🪨
T
175
Crust
Thin outermost layer
176
Oceanic vs continental crust - what does it make up? - what is it made of? - density - thickness - age - wetness
``` Oceanic: - sea floor - basalt - denser - thinner - young Continental: - granite - less dense - thicker - dry - old ```
177
Basalt
- dark color - mineral - makes up sea floor
178
Granite
- light color | - type of 🪨
179
What crust has granite? Basalt?
Continental: granite Oceanic: basalt
180
Continental drift
- all continents once were a supercontinent | - supercontinent broke 180 million yrs ago
181
What was the supercontinent called?
Pangaea
182
Who created the hypothesis of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
183
What coastlines fit together like a 🧩?
Opp sides of Atlantic
184
Mid-ocean ridge
Continuous chain of underwater volcanic mountains ⛰ that extends across 🌍 basins
185
Lithosphere - what is it made of? - types? - aka - what is it broken into? - what is it above? - base? - top?
- Crust+top part of mantle - lithosphere and continental crust - 🪨 sphere - broken into tectonic/lithospheric plates - ⬆️ asthenosphere - base: fluid - top part of mantle of lithosphere: solid
186
Asthenosphere
- Layer of upper mantle below lithosphere | - semifluid (not as fluid as low lithosphere)
187
TF: the mid-ocean ridge system is the second to largest geological feature on Earth
F
188
Faults
Crack of crust
189
Transform faults
Horizontal displacement in mid-ocean ridge
190
How do islands form?
Submarine mountains break surface
191
Mid- Atlantic ridge
- Cuts in the middle of Atlantic Ocean - backwards Y in Indian ocean - along eastern Pacific
192
East Pacific Rise
Main section of ridge in East Pacific
193
Trenches
- System of deep depressions in sea floor | - plate boundary
194
Ridges and trenches geological activity
Ridges: earthquakes clustered Trenches: 🌋 volcanoes
195
TF: sea floor rock gets younger as it moves away from ridges
F. Older
196
Sediment in ridges. What happens when it moves away from the ridges?
- very little in crest @ bottom | - thickens
197
What are reversals caused by?
Motion in outer core
198
How is if possible to tell the orientation of 🌍 🧲 field?
⏰ 🪨 cooled
199
Sea floor 🪨 patterns
- stripes (magnetic bands) - parallel to mid-ocean ridge - switch between normal and reversal, symmetric
200
Bands on sea floor 🪨
- called 🧲 anomalies | - formed when 🪨 cooled at dif ⏰ from normal and reversal
201
TF: the sea floor was created at once
F
202
Rifts definition. How do rifts happen?
- cracks in crust as pieces separate | - oceanic crust separates at mid-ocean ridges
203
What happens when a rift occurs?
- Releases pressure on mantle | - magma melts+rises through rift
204
Sea-floor spreading definition
- New sea floor | - moves away from ridges in mid-ocean ridges
205
Sea floor spreading steps
1. Rifts created 2. Magma pushes oceanic crust ⬆️ to form mid-oceanic ridge 3. Cools @ surface (new oceanic crust) 4. Repeats
206
How are tropical rain forest and coral reef similar?
Physical structure produced by organisms
207
Coral reefs are the largest
Geological feature built by organisms
208
TF: other reefs aren’t as widespread, large, or complex as tropical coral reefs
T
209
What are coral reefs made of?
Calcium carbonate/limestone deposits from animals
210
What are the reef builders called?
Corals
211
Coral are
different groups of Cnidarians
212
TF: all cnidarians build reefs
F
213
Hermatypic
Reef building
214
What part of coral produces the calcium carbonate skeleton? What do the skeletons form?
- Polyps | - reefs
215
Most important reef builders
Scleractinian corals
216
Scleractinian corals aka
Stony/true corals
217
What do reef building corals contain?
Zooxanthellae
218
What do zooxanthellae do?
- speed up coral🦴 formation - help build reefs - help deposit 🦴 - photosyn. (give some organic matter to coral)
219
TF: corals can’t produce their skeletons without zooxanthellae
F
220
Without zooxanthellae
- builds 🦴 slowly | - can’t build reefs (exceptions)
221
What are zooxanthellae?
- Dinoflagellates in animal tissue | - algae
222
Normal vs reversal
Normal: compass points North Reversed: compass points south
223
TF: 🪨 contain 🧲 particles
T
224
What happens when 🪨 is molten? Cools?
- 🧲 particles move, point N (normal)/S(reversed) | - 🧲 particles freeze, keep direction despite magnetic field changes
225
Mid ocean ridge crest
- @ crest: new, no sediment | - away from crest: old, sediment
226
Sea floor spreading and 🪨 stripes
developing sea floor 🥶 freezes and keeps🧲 field
227
Different tectonic plates contain
Continental crust, oceanic crust, or both
228
How thick are the tectonic plates?
100km
229
TF: mid ocean ridges forms the edges of many plates
T
230
New ocean floor aka
New oceanic lithosphere
231
Plate with continental crust
Continent moves w/ crust (continental drift)
232
What is created when continental crust separates and moves away from ridges? Oceanic?
Continental: continents Oceanic: new ocean floor
233
TF: as new lithosphere is created, old lithosphere is destroyed somewhere
T
234
Plate spread
2-18 cm per year
235
Trenches and oceanic lithosphere
Oceanic crust destroyed here
236
How are trenches formed?
- 2 oceanic plates collide: ☝️ goes underneath the other into mantle - continental and oceanic plates collide: Oceanic plate goes into mantle
237
Subduction
☝️ plate goes underneath the other into mantle
238
Trenches aka
Subduction zones
239
Subduction produces
Earthquake: plate weakens and breaks because of 🥵 from mantle 🌋: plate melts, some molten material goes to surface=🌋, rest goes back into mantle
240
Where is seafloor spreading occurring and subduction?
📝
241
TF: only the continental crust goes into mantle during a collision between an oceanic plate and continental plate
F
242
Why is the oceanic crust younger than the continental crust?
- oceanic: denser, into mantle, destroyed at trenches | - continental: floats
243
What develops when oceanic and continental plates collide?
- continental 🌋 behind trench | - can form coastal ⛰ ranges
244
When a 🌋 forms, are there earthquakes?
Yes
245
2.13. Tell me what’s happening
📝
246
Explain what happens with the continents as oceanic plates and continental plates collide.
- Edge of continents lifts - cool lithosphere pulls interior of continent to mantle - seawater floods in (shallow seas) - breaks free/floats=normal elevation
247
Why are trenches curved?
Earth is a sphere
248
Island arcs
Curved chain of volcanic islands forming a trench
249
What is the exception of coral that can build reefs without zooxanthellae?
Tubastrea
250
Ahermatypic | 2 Examples
- can’t build reefs - mostly lack zooxanthellae Ex. Precious and black corals
251
Coral polyps
- cylindrical tissue+tentacles ⬆️ +mouth ⬇️ | - nematocysts on tentacles (catch food, mostly zooplankton)
252
The mouth of coral polyps opens to
The gut containing mesenterial filaments
253
Reef building corals are ———— (polyp quantity)
Colonies of polyps w/ connected tissue, nervous systems, and digestive systems
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Cycle of polyp colonies on coral
- Starts: panula settles on hard surface - Metamorphoses into founder polyp - survives: divides to make colony
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Panula
Planktonic coral larva
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TF: there is no such coral that Is one polyp
F
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Each polyp has a
Corallite (cup like calcium carbonate skeleton)
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How do polyp layers affect its skeleton?
- more layers of CaCo3 =building 🦴 | - upward and outward 🦴
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TF: calcium carbonate skeleton of polyp makes up the least bulk of the colony
F
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What forms the framework of a coral reef?
Calcareous coral skeletons
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Can corals grow and survive w/out eating
Yes, but zooxanthellae must get enough ☀️ for photosyn.
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Describe zooxanthellae in coral’s tissue
📝
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What do corals eat? Methods of feeding?
- Zooplankton and detritus - polyp tentacles - polyp excretes mucus, cilia creates threads, passes along to 👄
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Coral reefs are called
- Wall of 👄 mouths | Algal/biotic reefs
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Coral polyp feeding with coiled tubes
- Mesenterial filaments along gut wall - secrete digestive enzymes - ejects through 👄 or body wall - digest+absorb org.m from sediment or outside body
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14.7
📝
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How did corals get nutrition? (4 ways)
- photosyn. zooxanthellae - catch zooplankton+detritus w/mucus nets and tentacles - digest+absorb org.m w/ mesenterial filaments - absorb DOM
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Reef builders. What do they do?
Encrusting coralline algae - deposit CaCO3 - help reef growth - prevent washing away (bc of stone pavement) - cement calcareous sediments
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TF: encrusting coralline algae can deposit more calcareous amounts than corals 
T
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How are ⛰ ranges formed?
- collision between 2 continental plates - both float, none are subducted - weld together - rocks buckle and fold (folds=mountain range) - no trench
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Types of plate boundaries
- mid-ocean ridges - trenches - shear boundary
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Shear boundary
- plates slide past each other - no destruction or creation of lithosphere - fault has friction (between plates) - friction=plates lock - ⬆stress=plates break free (earthquake)
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How do plates move?
- convection currents | - slab pull
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convection
heat causes swirling motions of mantle and asthenosphere
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What is the main cause for plate movement?
slab pull
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Slab pull
1. oceanic lithosphere age + cools (away from ridge) 2. Sinks into mantle (denser) 3. Trench formation and pulls the rest of it w/ it 4. causes plates to separate at mid- ocean ridge - magma rises (upwelling of mantle) 5. base of lithosphere helps plate slide easily
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interglacial
warm
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Panthalassa
ocean surrounding Pangaea
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When did Pangaea break apart?
180 million years ago
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Types of marine sediment
- lithogenous | - biogenous
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Finer vs coarse sediment | which sinks faster?
coarse
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Most common lithogenous sediment of open ocean floor
red clay
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Light for coral reefs
- shallow (☀️ for zooxanthellae) - on continental shelf, islands, seamounts - clear water (doesn’t block ☀️) - warm water (above 20-35 degrees C)
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Temperature of corals
- upper limit depends on the 🌡 of homesites - warm water (above 20-35 degrees C) - dif strains of zooxanthellae with dif 🌡 tolerance
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Two regions of sea floor
- continental margins | - deep-sea floor
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Continental margins
boundary between continental and oceanic crust that accumulates sediment
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What does the continental margin consist of?
- continental shelf - steeper continental slope - continental rise (gentle slope)
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Continental shelf
- shallowest part of c. margin - made of c.crust - submerged
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Shelf break
end of c.shelf
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c.slope
- starts @ shelf break to deep sea floor | - edge of continent
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c.rise
- adjacent deep sea fans (deposit of sediment) | - thick sediment on floor
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Active vs. Passive margins
``` Active: - continental margin colliding with a tectonic plate - high geological activity - steep, rocky shorelines - narrow c.shelf - steep c. slopes - little/no c.rise Passive: - on trailing edge of continent - not much geological activity - flat coastal plains - wide shelves - thick c. rise - gentle c. slope ```
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El Niño and La Niña phenomena
El Niño southern oscillation
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Depth of deep sea floor
3,000-5,000 m
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deep sea floor aka
abyssal plaim
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El Niño
- global weather pattern - trade wind 🛑/don’t blow as hard, less pushing on side with higher water, slide back to other side (warmer water-more rain) - flipped ecosystems (side losing water has droughts)
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abyssal plain characteristics
- abyssal hills - submarine channels - plateaus - rises - seamounts, guyots
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TF: trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean world
t
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TF: the sea floor at trenches rises upwards
f
300
What is true about the water on the left side than the right side? 📝
- higher water level - 60 cm higher - normal year
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How are mid-ocean ridges created? What's happening at the center?
- mantle material pushes up oceanic crust | - plates pulled apart, central rift valley
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Trade winds that push over equator, what temperature is going to be the water? What is it called? Currents up and down from poles? When do we get rain and why? Warm water?
Warm. Endowest pacific warm water pool. Cooler. Rain in winter because of cool water. Warm water evaporates faster-rain and humidity.
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Where do the volcanoes on Hawaii lie on? When did Hawaii start forming?
- volcanoes on Emperor Seamount Chain | - less than million yrs ago
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Why do the seamounts get older on Hawaii?
hot spot
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Hot spot in Hawaii
- stationary plume of hot magma rises - Pacific Plate (oceanic crust) moves over plume - eruptions of magma creates volcanoes in different places
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TF: the Hawaiian hot spot was always stationary
f
307
Hot spots are usually under what? How many?
- mostly oceanic plates, some continental | - 50
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Hydrothermal vents are behind
trenches
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Hydrothermal vents
heated water from mantle goes up through crust and emerges as deep-sea hot springs
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Algal ridge
- distinct ridge on outer edge of corals | - absorbs wave action and prevents erosion
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Reef growth involving sediments
- coral skeletons, coral rubble, green algae,🐚 (source of carbonate sediment) - build up of coarse sediment=reef growth - encrusting algae, sponges, bryozoans, etc. bind sediments
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TF: fine sediment damages corals when it settles directly on them
t
313
What kind of sediment builds coral reefs?
biogenous
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What happens if the trade winds don’t blow as hard? 📝
- go back to the other side | - El Niño
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Where does a lot of the sediment from coral reefs come from?
- organisms who break down the reef structure w/hard structures - bioerosion - removes CaCO3 to form sediment
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Ways bioerosion occurs. What does this mean for other organisms?
- burrowing through/into limestone - scape or dissolve - creates spaces for organisms
317
A reef only grows if . . .
corals, coralline algae, sediment-binding, sediment-forming organisms build it faster than bioeroders destroying it
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TF: more species live on the surface of the reef framework than on the inside
f
319
La Niña
- we are in it - la Niño on 🔝, La Niña on bottom - ENSO cools - stronger trade winds push💧 further
320
salinity for corals
- high salinity | - no fresh water input especially from rivers
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Sedimentation for corals: | 
- low sediments (no silt/fine sediments) - wave action to wash away sediment Why? - release mucus to get rid of it - blocks ☀️ and substrates - disease - smother coral and larvae ***mostly hate sediment
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Sedimentation for tolerant corals
- silty environment - feed on sediment particles - reefs
323
Pollution corals
- low concentrations of pesticides and toxic wastes can cause harm
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Nutrient corals
- like nutrient poor - lots of nutrients BAD (sewage, fossil fuel emissions, etc.) - interferes w/ skeleton formation - more nutrients=more seaweed, which outcompetes slow growing coral, more phytoplankton=blocks ☀️
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Eutrophication
Extreme algae growth bc of nutrients
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Coral reproduction
- budding - fragmentation - sexually
327
Types of coral reefs
Fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls
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Fringing reefs
- tropics - can grow in soft bottoms w/ patches of hard substrates - rocky shorelines - can create own hard substrates - grows in fringes - near land, exposed to sediment & fresh💧 - longest reef
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Fringe reef structure
📝
330
Barrier reefs
- along coats - farther from shore - separated by a lagoon (soft sediment bottom- protected from 🌊) - patch reefs/coral knolls/pinnacles: scattered coral formations - back reef slope can be as steep or gentle as fore reef slope - coral growth not as vigorous in the back reef slope as the fire reef slope (except gentle slopes) - flat reef flat like fringe reefs - sand clays: waves and currents pile up sand - richest coral growth at the outer reef crest spur and groove (exposed to winds) which can be found across types of reefs - fore reef slopes- gentle or vertical - at crest: corals are compact, below: variety -
331
Atolls
- ring of reef - sand clays surround lagoon - far from land - no lit or fresh water run off - clear water - coral - reef flat: flat and shallow with not much corals - fore and back reefs extend all the way around atoll - crests strongly affected by wind and waves Lie in trade winds belt Fore reef slope is vertical Shallow lagoon
332
How do Attols form?
``` The sand clays were built by the accumulation of reef sediments - charles Darwin- attol formation 1. 🌋 creates island 2. Corals grow 3. Fringe reef develops 4. Reef flat gets wider and deeper to become lagoon (fringe reef becomes barrier reef) 5. Sinks forming atoll 5. ```
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What do corals do for zooxanthellae
Give them nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrients used in nutrition cycle)
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Fish and coral relationship
- waste products of fish are nutrients for coral
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Animals that eat coral
📝
336
Coral reefs and nitrogen fixation
High nitrogen fixation
337
Coral reefs zooplankton and nutrients
Brigougt i. By current
338
Coral primary producers
Zooxanthallae and turf slag was, seaweeds, coralline algae, bacteria
339
Competition on coral reefs
- compete for space and light with other corals and encrusting algae and seaweed - over growing or directly attacking them
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Pre settlement vs post settlement hypothesis
Pre- fish community determined by availability of didfeeent species larvae before they settle Post- plenty of settling larvae abundance determined by comeperin, space, food, resources after they settle
341
CRown of thorns starfish
- extrude Stimach from mouth - eat live tissue - recover 10-15 years
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Grazing on coral reefs
Microherbivores: small herbivore invertebrates (snail chitons polychaetes worms Grazers effect where and what type of algae grow Seaweeds eaten by fish keeps in check
343
Trophic cascade
Effect on one species flows through ecosystem bc of indirect interactions i the food web
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Facultative and obligate symbiosis
Facultative: not dependent, can survive without them Obligate: one or both members depend on each other for survival

Marine Bio (3 decks)

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