Knowlege Check 4 Flashcards
(359 cards)
1
Q
Host vs. Symbiont
A
Host: larger
Symbiont: smaller
2
Q
Commensalism
Ex.) π³
A
- symbiont: +
- host: 0/unaffected
Ex.) barnacle: filter feeds + shelter
π³ unaffected
3
Q
Parasitism
Ex.) π³
A
- Symbiont: +
- Host: -
Ex.) Tapeworm: food + shelter
π³ gets weaker
4
Q
True or false: Symbiosis can cause indirect interactions
A
True
5
Q
Mutualism
Ex.)
A
- Symbiont: +
- Host: +
Ex.) cleaning associations
6
Q
Facultative symbiosis
A
members can survive without each other
7
Q
Obligate symbiosis
A
1 or both members depend on each other
8
Q
Do seaweeds have larval stages?
A
No. Spores.
9
Q
Larval survival factors
A
- oceanographic and weather conditions
- availability of food
- predators
- pollution
10
Q
Habitat
A
The natural environment where an organism lives
11
Q
Characteristics of habitats that affect organisms
A
- light
- temp
- salinity
- waves, currents, tides
- type of bottom
12
Q
Recruitment
A
Addition of new members to a population
13
Q
How do drifting larvae reach their habitat?
A
Currents
14
Q
True or false: larvae can be near birthplace
A
True
15
Q
How do larvae stay near their birthplace?
A
- sound
- smell
- water layers without currents
16
Q
True or false: populations donβt depend on larvae recruitment
A
False
17
Q
How do larvae settle in the right place?
A
- test bottom (bottom-dwellers)
- chemicals of host/adult
18
Q
Benthic/Benthos
A
Live at/attached/ near bottom
19
Q
Movement categories in benthos
A
Sessile: stationary
Mobile: moves
20
Q
Pelagic
A
Live in water column
21
Q
Pelagic subdivisions
A
- plankton
- nekton
22
Q
Plankton
A
drifters and weak swimmers (canβt swim against a current)
23
Q
Phytoplankton
A
- primary producers
- planktonic algae
- autotrophs
24
Q
Zooplankton
A
Heterotrophic plankton
25
Nekton
Can swim against a current
26
Nektonic animals
- mostly vertebrates
| - invertebrates: squids
27
True or false: All nekton are pelagic
False. Rays are benthic and nekton
28
Zonation
Depth and position on continental shelf
29
Intertidal zone aka
Littoral zone
30
Intertidal zone
- Shallowest part of shelf
- between land and sea
- exposed at low tide
- submerged at high tide
31
True or false: plankton can swim
True
32
Subtidal zone
| + aka
- Below intertidal
| - sublittoral zone
33
Zones of benthos away from shelf
| What are these collectively called?
- bathyal
- abyssal
- hadal
- deep-sea floor
34
Neritic zone
Pelagic environment over shelf
35
Oceanic zone
Pelagic water beyond shelf break
36
Epipelagic zone
- shallowest
- lots of βοΈ for part of yr
- up to 200 m
37
True or false: nearly all neritic waters lie in the epipelagic
True
38
Mesopelagic
- under epipelagic
- lack of βοΈ for primary producers
- up to 1000 m
39
Bathypelagic
- no βοΈ
| - under mesopelagic
40
Abyssopelagic
- no βοΈ
| - under bathypelagic
41
Hadopelagic
- no βοΈ
| - under abyssopelagic
42
Different zones (figure 10.12)
π
43
Do all autotrophs use sunlight?
No
44
Heterotroph
Eat organic matter made by autotrophs
45
What is passed on when an organism eats another organism?
- organic matter
| - energy
46
Primary producers
Autotroph that makes the food
47
Consumers
Organisms that eat food made by autotrophs
48
Food chain
Transfer of energy through a line of organisms
49
Trophic level
Step in food chain
50
Food web
Interconnected food chains
51
Other way of saying primary consumers, etc.
First level/1 (degree symbol)
52
Food chain vs. food web vs. food pyramid
π
53
Top 5 environments with the most primary production
1. Coral reefs
2. Salt marshes
3. Seagrass beds
4. Tropical rain forests
5. Kelp beds
54
Is all of the energy passed on to upper levels? Why?
No. Most of energy used for metabolic processes and lost as heat.
55
Pyramid of energy
- Trophic structure of ecosystem
| - energy transferred
56
Abundance of top trophic levels
- small population
| - less energy
57
Pyramid of numbers
Trophic pyramid with numbers of organisms and energyοΏΌ
58
Pyramid of biomass
- Trophic pyramid with biomass for each level
| - productive
59
Biomass
Total weight of tissue
60
How much biomass do primary producers need to make to support primary consumers?
10x as much
61
What organic material lost to?
- fungi
- decay bacteria
- decomposers
- waste
- spilled during feeding
- leaks from cells (diffusion)
62
How much biomass makes it to secondary consumers?
1/10
63
Organic matter in water vs solid state
- DOM
| - detritus
64
Nutrient regeneration
- Decomposers release nutrients from organic matter
- available to primary producers
- β»οΈ
65
True or false: total biomass of parasites isnβt equal to the biomass of top predators
False
66
Productivity
Amount of fixed carbon under a square meter of the sea surface in a day/yr
67
Gross primary production
Total carbon made by primary producers
68
Net primary production
Energy left over
69
Standing stock
Total of phytoplankton
70
Can the pyramid of numbers be inverted?
Yes
71
True or false: the pyramid of biomass and energy always holds true
True
72
How to measure standing stock
- Concentration of chlorophyll in water
- fluorometer
- color images via satellite
- correction factors
73
Are currents visible? Waves? Tides?
- no
- yes
- yes
74
What drives surface currents? What causes waves?
Wind
75
Crest
Highest part of wave
76
Trough
Lowest part of wave
77
Height (waves)
Vertical distance between crest (top) and trough (bottom)
78
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between adjacent crests
79
Period
Time for a wave to go by a point
80
How does water move when under a crest? Trough? As a whole?
Crest: up and forward π
Trough: down and back π
Whole: circles
81
Do water particles in a wave move with the wave? What do waves carry?
No. Energy across surface.
82
Figure 3.26 (label parts of wave)
π
83
What does the size of a wave depend on?
Fetch
84
Fetch
Span of open water that the wind blows over
85
Seas
Wind blows crest into sharp peak and trough is stretched
86
Figure 3.28. Where is the fetch longer? What does this mean?
Bigger π
| π
87
True or false: waves move away from where they are generated at the same speed of the wind
False. Faster
88
Swells
- result of moving away from π¨
| - smooth and round crests and troughs
89
Surf
1. Approach shallow water
2. Bottom slows waves (surge)
3. Short wavelength
4. Steep and high (pile up)
5. Break
6. Energy expended on shoreline
90
What is a surge?
Back n forth (flat oval π₯)
91
Figure 3.29
π
92
Why is the sea surface a jumble?
- different places
- mixture of waves
- different speeds of π¨
- different directions
- different periods
93
Wave cancellation
- Crest meets another waveβs trough
| - surface between the two
94
Wave reinforcement
- Two crest collide to make higher π
| - can make rogue waves
95
Tides
Rhythmic pattern of οΏΌthe rising and falling of sea surface
96
Tide influence
- expose
- submerge
- circulate bays and estuaries
- trigger spawning
97
Why are there tides?
- gravitational pull of ππ
| - rotations of πππ
98
Gravitational pull of π on the sides of π and π§
Closest to π: strongest; pulls π§ to it
| Farthest from π: weakest, centrifugal force
99
Centrifugal force
Pulls π§ in the opposite direction of π
100
True or false: π revolves around π. Why?
False. Revolve around combined center of mass.
101
High or low tide? Figure 3.34
π
102
True or false: every point on π has a high and low tide
True
103
High vs. low tide
High: under bulge
Low: between bulges
104
Full tidal cycle
24 hrs 50 min
105
Effect of πon tides
Half as πͺπΌ as π
106
Spring tides
- π π aligned
- full and new moons
- large tidal range
- large bulges
107
True or false: spring tides only occur in spring
False
108
Tidal range
Difference in water levels between high and low tides
109
Neap tides
- π π at right angles
- 1St and 3rd quarter
- small tidal range
- small bulges
110
Figure 3.33 (types of tides)
π
111
Semidiurnal tides
2 high and low tides a day (same height)
112
Mixed semidiurnal tide
Successive high tides of different heights
113
Diurnal tides
- 1 high and low tide a day
| - uncommon
114
What affects tides?
- continents
- islands
- bottom topography
- ridges
- basins
- canyons
- reefs
- orbit of ππ and other πͺ
- weather
115
Tide tables
- Made from observations with theoretical equations
| - predict time and height of tides
116
Figure 3.34 (types of tides)
π
117
Intertidal zone aka
Littoral zone
118
Intertidal zone
Fringe on shoreline between HIGHEST high tide and LOWEST low tide
119
Why is the intertidal the most studied and best understood?
experience without leaving our natural environment
120
True or false: intertidal is regularly exposed to air
True
121
Emersion
exposed to air/out of π§
122
Immersion
Being submerged
123
What does the nature of intertidal communists depend on?
Type of bottom
124
Substrate
The bottom
125
True or false: intertidal is considered rocky and soft bottoms
True
126
Where do rocky shores occur?
- uplifted coasts
- geologically young coast
- erosion removes sediment and soft πͺ¨
127
Why are some rocky shores rocky?
Active margin uplifted via geological processes
128
How did rocky πͺ¨ shores develop in North America?
1. Ice sheets (Ice Age)
2. Scraped sediment from shelf
3. Coast sank into mantle
4. Ice π§ melted
5. Coast rose (exposing πͺ¨)
6. Flood
7. Sculptured shoreline north of Cape Pod
129
Subsiding
Sinking
130
Why is the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts sinking?
Sediment on passive continental margin
131
Where do most rocky intertidal organisms live?
πͺ¨ surface
132
How do π and currents create πͺ¨ shores?
Carry sediment away
133
Eipfauna
live on any substrate surface (even other animals)
134
Epifauna movement
- some move
| - most sessile
135
Emersion time gets longer . . .
The higher in the intertidal
136
When is the upper part of the πͺ¨ intertidal submerged? Upper edge?
- Peak of high tide
| - high spring tides
137
True or false: Highest part of intertidal is almost never immersed
True
138
Does the low intertidal have to deal with exposure?
Short periods or at really low tides
139
Hardships of πͺ¨ intertidal organisms
- π§ loss (desiccation)
- temp
- π§
- feeding time
- π shock
- space
140
3 ways πͺ¨ intertidal organisms cope with water loss
- run and hide
- clamp up
- dry out and recover
141
Strategies/adaptations for π§ loss (move and hide only)
Move and hide:
- go somewhere wet
- denizens huddle in cavities or πͺ¨ crevices
- hide in tide pools, mussels, algae
142
Adaptations for π§ loss of animals that canβt run
only live in wet areas
143
Tide pools
Depressions in πͺ¨ holding π§
144
The characteristics of hiding places for πͺ¨ intertidal
Moist and shady
145
Adaptations/strategies for πͺ¨ intertidal (clamp up)
π to hold π§
146
Holding in π§ with shell (barnacles and mussels vs. limpets vs. others)
- barnacles + mussels: close π
- limpets: clamp to πͺ¨ (canβt close π)
- others: mucus
147
True or false: to trap π§, rocky intertidal organisms carve depressions with π
False. They do it with their radula.
148
Disadvantage of clamping up
Hard to get oxygen and food
149
True or false: periwinkles (πͺ¨ intertidal) use combinations of strategies
True.
| Close operculum and clamp onto πͺ¨
150
Do tide pools face extreme temps?
Yes
151
Adaptations to tolerate temperature for πͺ¨ intertidal
- move to moist + cool places
- πβs pronounced ridges lose heat
- π color to reflect βοΈ
152
Adaptations for salinity in πͺ¨ intertidal
- close up π to avoid fresh π§ from rain
- tide-pool: tolerate wide ranges of π§π‘
- tide pool: burrow
- tide pool: reduce activities
153
True or false: deposit feeders are common in πͺ¨ intertidal
False.
154
Feeding restrictions (adaptations) for πͺ¨ intertidal
- filter feeders canβt feed at low tide
- grazers scrape algae and bacteria
- feed on seaweed and detritus
- predators: move over πͺ¨
- clamping and hiding: no food
155
Feeding in high intertidal vs low intertidal
High: more feeding time
Low: slow growth, less feeding time
156
True or false: waves travel faster in deep water
True
157
True or false: waves only expend energy on shoreline
False. Sometimes on reefs or sand bars
158
Adaptations for wave shock in πͺ¨ intertidal
- withstand sedimentation
- seaweed: attach, encrust
- barnacles: attach with byssal threads, glue
- no swim bladdersοΏΌ
- find shelter
- thicker π
- compact
- low profile
- flexible
159
Waveshock
Force of striking π
160
Suction adaptation (wave shock) for πͺ¨ intertidal
- Limpets and chitons: use muscular π¦Ά
| - gobies + clingfish: use pelvic fins
161
True or false: waves canβt turn over rocks/ boulders
False
162
Rocky shores space adaptations
- take occupied space
- rapid reproduction
- attach to organisms
- get to open space
- effective dispersal
- colonies
163
Intertidal food supply
- lots of βοΈ
- lots of nutrients
- lots of algae
- lots of plankton, seaweed, detritus
164
True or false: food is a limiting resource in the intertidal
False
165
How do barnacles and owl limpets battle for space in πͺ¨ intertidal?
Barnacles: cut/unattach
| Owl limpets: bulldoze
166
What kind of zonation does the πͺ¨ intertidal have?
Vertical zonation
167
Zones
Distinct bands
168
True or false: zonation still occurs even if the shores are uneven (πͺ¨ intertidal)
True
169
True or false: you canβt see the different zones of the πͺ¨ intertidal through colors of organisms
False
170
Upper limit vs. lower limit of a zone
Upper limit: mostly set by physical factors
| Lower limit: mostly biological factors
171
True or false: the specific organisms found in the intertidal zones vary from place to placeοΏΌ
TrueοΏΌ
172
Zones of the intertidal
- upper
- middle
- lower
173
True or false: organisms can only live in one zone in the intertidal
False.
174
Where does the upper intertidal lie?
β¬οΈ high tide mark
175
Upper intertidal moisture and is aka
- π splash and spray
- splash zone
- littorina zone
176
Lichens at the upper intertidal
Black and tar-like
177
True or false: the dominant primary producers in the upper intertidal are Cyanobacteria and lichens
True
178
Why do different levels of the middle intertidal have different organisms?
- parts will either be exposed or submerged once a day
| - variation=different organisms
179
Different types of experiments
- transplantation
- removal
- caging
180
Figure 11.18 (pacific zonation)
π
181
True or false: rockweeds canβt have pneumatocysts
False.
182
What happens if the mussel population isnβt kept on check by sea stars?
Not many species will live in the middle intertidal
183
Keystone predators
Effect on community is greater than their abundance
184
Keystone predators of rocky intertidal
- ochre sea stars
| - 6 armed sea stars
185
Can natural disturbances have the same effect as predators?
Yes
186
Lower intertidal exposure and feeding
- mostly immersed
- easier to feed
- grazing and competition
- space
187
Organisms in upper intertidal
- periwinkles dominant
- limpets
- lichens
- encrusting algae
188
Organisms in upper middle intertidal
Barnacles dominant
189
Organisms in the lower middle intertidal
- mussels
- barnacles
- seaweeds
190
Organisms in the lower intertidal
- seaweeds
| - surf grass
191
When did SSWS start?
2013
192
What is keeping the mussel population under control?
- water circulation
- larval settlement patterns
- sea stars
193
Soft bottom
Any bottom made of sediment
194
How do you know if a bottom is soft?
If animals can burrow in it
195
Where do soft bottom intertidal communities occur?
Where sediments accumulate
196
What kind of sediment accumulates and whether it does depends on . . .
Water motion and sediment source
197
Why do organisms burrow in the soft-bottom intertidal?
- unstable bottom
- bottom shifts with π, currents, and tides
- no solid attachment sites
198
The textures of sediments (coarse to smooth)
Sand-silt-clay
199
How are sediments described?
By common grain size
200
True or false: fine sediments remain suspended with even small water motion
True
201
Where are fine sediments found? Coarse sediments?
Fine: calm areas; bays and lagoons
Coarse: strong π and current
202
Grain size of gravel
Up to 2 mm
203
Grain size of sand
2-0.062mm
204
Grain size of silt
0.062-0.004
205
Grain size of clay
0.004 and beyond
206
Silt and clay are collectively called . . .
Mud
207
Grain size (11.26)
π
208
Hardships of soft bottom intertidal organisms
- oxygen availability
- getting around
- feeding
209
Oxygen availability οΏΌ
- used for respiration
- deep muddy bottoms: anoxic (interstitial water has little oxygen)
- pump O2 π§ with siphons or burrows
- bioturbators
- hemoglobin
- sluggish
- symbiotic bacteria
210
What is the main food source for intertidal soft bottom communities?
Detritus
211
Where do deposit feeders in the soft bottom communities get organic matter?
Sediments
212
Grain size affects
- amount of detritus
| - amount of oxygen
213
Why is silt and clay smelly but not sand?
- Silt and clay: rich in detritus
| - sand: little organic matter
214
What do animals under the sediment depend on for oxygen supply?
π§ circulation
215
What affects how porous a sediment is?
- grain size
| - sorting
216
Anoxic
Sediment with no oxygen (black)
217
Interstitial π§
π§ between grains
218
What lives in anoxic sediment?
Bacteria using aerobic respiration (produce hydrogen sulfide)
219
Bioturbators
Burrow, turn over, disturb sediment
220
Well- sorted
Same size
221
Poorly sorted
Not same size
222
Well sorted (coarse) vs. well sorted (fine) vs. poorly sorted
```
Well sorted (coarse): water drains fast
Well sorted (fine): water drains slowly
Poorly sorted: water blocked
```
223
What is hemoglobin for?
Extract as much oxygen in π§
224
Getting around
- change muscular π¦Ά/body shape (burrow)
- eat sediment
- push sediment through them
- meiofauna
225
How do clams and cockles burrow?
Forward with thin π¦Ά, end thickens, moves body
226
How do worms πͺ± burrow?
Pharynx expands crack, move body
227
How do heart urchins burrow?
Spines and tube π¦Ά
228
How do crustaceans dig?
Jointed appendages
229
Meiofauna
Live in interstitial spaces between grains
230
Feeding
- plankton+ diatoms contribute to detritus
- deposit and suspension feeding
- digest detritus + organisms, π© sediment
- tubeπ¦Ά, siphon, tentacles, mucus, antennae
- burrow near surface
- predators
231
Does zonation exist in soft bottoms?
No?
232
Active margins
- trench
- steep slope
- little/no shelf
- geological activity
- colliding plates
233
Passive margins
- wide shelves
- gentle slope
- continental rise
- less geological activity
234
Estuaries
- semi- enclosed area
| - fresh and salt π§ meet and mix
235
True or false: estuaries have more biodiversity than rocky shores
False
236
Different types of estuaries
- downed river valleys/coastal plain estuaries
- bar built estuaries
- tectonic estuaries
- fjords
- bayous
237
Drowned river valleys/coastal plain estuaries
- most common
| - rising sea level from Pleistocene
238
Bayous
- tides from Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico
239
Bar- built estuary
- accumulation of sediments creates sand bars + barrier islands
240
Tectonic estuaries
Land subsided because of crust movement
241
Subsided
Sank
242
Fjords
glaciers cut deep valleys
243
Where do most estuaries occur?
Passive margins
244
When does salinity decrease?
Moving upstream
245
Salt and fresh water flow
Salt: denser, bottom (salt wedge)
Fresh: top surface
246
Salinity in high and low tides
High: salt wedge moves up
Low: salt wedge moves lower
247
Negative estuaries
- High salinity
- little freshwater run off
- high evaporation
248
What is the substrate of most estuaries?
Sand or soft mud
249
True or false. Temperature varies in estuaries because of shallow waters and large surface area.
True, except for fjords.
250
Are there suspended sediments in estuaries?
Yes
251
Estuaries benefits
- breeding
- feeding
- productive
252
How do organisms in estuaries cope with salinity changes?
- most tolerate low salinity
- euryhaline
- some stenohaline
- can live in brackish π§
- osmoconformers
- osmoregulators
253
Euryhaline
- Tolerates wide range of salinity
| - origin: marine or fresh
254
Stenohaline
tolerates narrow range of salinities
255
True or false: those that live in brackish water are stenohaline or euryhaline
True
256
True or false: most organisms in estuaries use diffusion to face diluted π§
False. Osmosis.
257
Osmoconformers
| Ex.)
- Internal salinity changes with external salinity
| Ex.) soft-bodied organisms
258
Figure 12.5 (salinity tolerance of different species)
π
259
Osmoregulators
Internal salinity is more or less constant than external salinity
Ex.) bony fish, eel, etc
260
True or false: it is impossible to osmoregulate and osmoconform
False
261
What makes salt tolerate plants so special when compared to marine organisms in estuaries?
- increase salinity
- absorb salt
- concentrate solutes
- salt glands for excrement
- succulent
262
Movements of organisms living in the mud
Stationary or slow
263
Benefit of mud
Less drastic salt fluctuations
264
Name one estuarine community
Plankton, fishes, open water organisms
265
Biomass of estuarine communities
High biomass
266
Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in estuaries
- flushed in and out by tides
| - murky water limits primary production
267
How do estuaries play a role in an organismβs life? Human value?
- nurseries
- migration place
- commercial catch
268
Mudflats
Bottom exposed at low tide
269
True or false: mudflats are considered intertidal communities
True
270
Do primary producers flourish on mudflats?
Yes
271
What is more dominant in mudflats (infauna or epifauna)
Infauna
272
Infauna
Burrow
273
True or false: food for deposit feeders are made on the mudflat.
False. Comes from rivers and tides.
274
Types of feeding in mudflats
- deposit feeders (most common)
- suspension feeders (sandy sediment)
- filter feeders
275
Dominant primary producers on mudflats
Diatoms and bacteria
276
Epifauna
Live on sediment surface
277
Predators of mudflats
Birds and fish
278
Resource partitioning of shorebirds
- different sized beaks=different food
| - different feeding strategies
279
Salt marshes
- upper: pickle weed, middle: saltgrass/salt meadow cordgrass, lower: smooth cordgrass
- upper level of estuary
- mudflat below salt marsh (exposed at low tide)
280
Salt marshes thrive in
Muddy sediment
281
Mangroves
- Flowering plants adapted to live in the intertidal
| - tropical equivalent of salt marsh
282
Regions of salt marsh, open water, and mangroves
- temperate
- channels and muddy bottoms
- tropical
283
Brigitte 12.24 (type of estuary)
π
284
Invasive species
Species introduced to new environment by humans and overpopulates
285
Eutrophication
Nutrient input leads to unwanted algae growth
286
Ecological organization
Individuals-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere
287
True or false: all symbionts benefit
True
288
True or false: abiotic and biotic factors can affect the nature of a community
True
289
How do sea grasses adapt to low βοΈ
- More chlorophyll
| - increase ability to capture available βοΈ
290
How do corals adapt to low βοΈ
- Flat growth form
| - increased ability to capture available βοΈ
291
Physiological adaptations οΏΌ
- not inherited
| - genes 𧬠unchanged
292
Natural selection
- best adapted traits β‘οΈ next generation, more offspring
| - evolves (changes genetics)
293
Evolutionary adaptations
- result of natural selection
| - inherited π§¬
294
Exponential growth
- each pair has more than 2 offspring
- unchecked population
- not forever
- algal blooms
- red tides
- favorable conditions
Half U
295
How does growth decline/stop/extinction? (Abiotic)
- changes in abiotic environment
- seasons
- disturbances
296
Mechanisms that limit/decrease/stop growth
- fights
- cannibalism
- overcrowding
- attractor between enemies οΏΌ
297
Logistical growth
- starts exponential
- levels off/slows/stops @ k
- not enough resources for pop β¬οΈ
298
What does K mean?
Carrying capacity
299
Carrying capacity
Max population size that an area can sustain
300
Limiting resource
- restricts/limits population growth
- causes K to change
- biotic or abiotic
301
Competition
When one uses a resource at the expense of another
302
Intraspecific vs interspecific competition
Intraspecific- same species
| Interspecific- different species
303
What can intraspecific competition lead to? Interspecific?
Intraspecific: natural selection
Interspecific: competitive exclusion and resource partitioning
304
Dynamics of interspecific competition and intraspecific competition
Interspecific: community
Intraspecific: population
305
Competitive exclusion
- Species eliminates another by outcompeting it
| - leads to extinction or resource partitioning through natural selection
306
True or false: superior competitors always exclude inferior competitors
False
307
Resource partitioning
- sharing/dividing resources
- prevents exclusion
- coexist
308
Predation
Eats part/all of another organism
309
Types of predators
- carnivores
- herbivores
- omnivores
- detritovores (dead material and detritus)
- parasites
310
What does community dynamics consist of?
- food webs, pyramids, chains
| - symbiotic relationships
311
True or false: a food web represents an entire community
True
312
Niche
Special role of an organism
313
Levels of ocean
π
314
True or false: all members of a food web are equal in abundance and in their relative effects on one another
False
315
True or false: every member of a food web is the prey of another member of the food webοΏΌ
False
316
Why did mussels cover the rock face when sea stars were removed?
Predator was removed
317
True or false: keystone species are critical to the diversity and stability of an ecosystem
True
318
Green world view
Trophic levels regulated by those above and below it
319
When orcas ate sea otters, the sea otter population βββ-, the urchin populationβββββ-, and the kelp populationββββ
Decreased, increased, decreased
320
True or false: trophic cascades only affect part of the populations of an ecosystem
False.
321
Types of estuaries
- Salt marsh
- seagrass meadows
- mangroves
322
Estuaries diagrams
π
323
How many days does it take for the moon to circle π
28
324
Challenges in all estuaries
- temp
- π§
- movement
325
Bottom up vs top down control
- bottom up: abundance depends on resource availability
| - top down: abundance depends on predators
326
What type of water do sea grasses grow in?
Tropical
327
What are mangroves being lost to?
Coastal development
328
Decline of seagrass per year
7%
329
What happens when you remove seagrasses?
Turbid (more sediment)
330
True or false: mangroves and seagrass break wave action
True
331
Mangrove order
Red-black-white
332
What are mangrove islands made of?
Oyster beds
333
True or false: seagrasses reproduce asexually and sexually
True
334
How much sea floor do seagrasses cover?
0.1%
335
What pollutants affect seagrasses?
Fertilizers
336
Upper intertidal
```
Small organisms (size and numbers)
Water loss and wave stress
```
337
Upper middle intertidal
Small organisms, some space comp
| Water loss, wave stress, space
338
Lower middle intertidal
Small to medium sized organisms, some space comp, live on top of each other
Wave stress, water loss, space
339
Lower intertidal
Small to large organisms, lots of space comp, live under organisms
Water loss, wave stress, space
340
Factors that would cause an increase in pop. size. Decrease? Stable?
Increase: more immigration than emigration, more births than deaths
Decrease: more emigration than immigration, more deaths than births
Stable: immigration = emigration, births=deaths
341
When were sea otters considered "recovered?"
1970s
342
Three possible reasons for sea otter decline. Which two were ruled out?
- increased mortality
- decreased fertility (ruled out)
- redistribution (ruled out)
343
What was observed in 1991 that lead to the author's main hypothesis?
killer whale attacking a sea otter`
344
Why was disease ruled out? Starvation?
Disease: few areas, none found
Starvation: increase of sea urchins
*no carcasses on the beach
345
How many killer whales are needed to cause this decline in sea otters?
3.7
346
How much Elkhorn coral is left?
0.01%
347
In the last 30 years, we have lost ___% of coral
50
348
What do they do at night? Day?
Day: photosynthesize
Night: expand polyps and tentacles
349
How long has been coral bleaching? What temp. is needed to do that?
- 1980
| - 2 degrees C
350
What happens when corals bleach?
- remove zooxanthellae
- transparent tissue/skeleton
- starve, no growth, no reproduction, death
351
When did the first global mass bleaching event occur? When were the most bleaching events?
- 1997/1998
| - 1980s
352
Godfather of coral reef science
Dr. John Charlie Veron
353
How much marine life rely on corals? How much heat goes into the ocean?
- 25%
| - 93%
354
How long before we lose corals forever?
- 25 yrs
355
When did Superfish see the attack?
October 1997
356
What do the whales in Argentina, Antarctica, and New Zealand do to hunt?
- Argentina: attack sealions on shore
- Antarctica: wash over seals
- New Zealand: blow bubbles
357
How many cultures are there off North America's Pacific Coast? What are they? Where does the LA pod come from? Where is the shark eating culture found in?
- residents
- transients
- offshore
- Mexico
- LA pod
358
Toxic immobility
- flipped upside down
- serotonin released to brain to prevent panic
- can't push water over gills (GWS)
359
How would CA2 attack a shark? Where do GWS go after feeding int he Farallons? What causes a shark to flee?
- attach teeth, turn over, tear between pectoral fins, suck out liver
- GW Cafe or Hawaii
- smell of death of their own kind
