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Knowledge Check 6 Flashcards

1
Q

TF: oceans are 🌎 largest factory of organic matter

A

T

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2
Q

Finfish vs shell fish what’s majority caught

A

Finfish: (90% of catch)

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3
Q

When did 🌎 reach 4 billion people? 5? 6? 7?

A

4: 1965
5: 1987
6: 1999
7: 2011

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4
Q

Fisheries and catches

A

Fisheries: exploited, exhausted
Catches: stabilized

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5
Q

TF: the world is mostly catching more fish than buying it

A

F

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6
Q 
2005: 
total marine fish 
Total marine molluscs
Total marine crustaceans 
World total catch in marine fishing areas
A

Marine fish: 69.6
Molluscs: 6.49
Crustaceans: 5.2
World total catch: 83.06

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7
Q

Where are the largest catches

A
  • western pacific
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8
Q

Exhausted

A

Used up

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9
Q

Some of the richest fishing areas are located where?

A

Upwelling areas

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10
Q

Does upwelling increase primary production?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Purse 👜 seines capture

A
  • clupeoid fish
  • tuna
  • **schools
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12
Q

Industrial fisheries

A

Fish used for other purposes other than eating

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13
Q

Trawls catch

A
  • things at bottom
  • cods
  • mid water
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14
Q

How are tuna captured?

A

👜 seines, gill nets, long lines

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15
Q

Gill nets catch

A

Drifting and bottom

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16
Q

Longline catches

A

Surface and bottom

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17
Q

What types of nets have by-catch

A

Trawls and long lines

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18
Q

Types of nets

A

📝

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19
Q

Renewable resources

A

Living Resources that can replace themselves

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20
Q

Non renewable resource

A

Can’t replace themselves

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21
Q

Overfishing

A
  • Catches ⬇️
  • smaller fish
  • too much fishing=smaller population
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22
Q

Growth rate/reproduction rate depends on

A

Stock (size of pop)

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23
Q

What does a fishery need to do to be sustainable?

A

Can’t catch more fish that those being added via reproduction

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24
Q

Sustainable yield

A
  • Amount that can be caught to maintain a constant pop size (no growth, no decline)
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25
Maximum sustainable yield
Max catch that can continue on w/out threatening the stock Optimal catch Occurs at medium populations, medium fishing effort
26
Small stocks versus large stocks
Small: easier to overfish, slow growth rate Large: held in check by natural mortality (small harvest still ⬇️ pop)
27
Fishing effort
- # of boats and fishers | - time Spent
28
Little 🎣 effort vs intense 🎣 effort
Little: small catch, small fraction removed, pop can continue to grow Intense: exceeds max sustainable yield, stock declines, overfishing
29
Catch effort curve
📝
30
Increase fishing effort means
⬆️ catch (up to max sustainable yield)
31
Overexploited
Overfished
32
Underutilization
Small fishing efforts, small catch | Using less that potential
33
How much percent of the biggest fishes in the world are gone?
90%
34
Threats to fishery resources
- overfishing - habitat destruction - by catch - pollution
35
Bycatch
Organisms caught unintentionally while fishing for other species
36
How much worldwide catch is bycatch
25%
37
Ghost fishing
Trapping of abandoned fishing gear
38
To be safe, where should your catch be set?
Below estimated optimum
39
Size and species of fish are controlled by what?
Net mesh size.
40
Aquaculture
Using farming techniques to raise and harvest aquatic organisms
41
Tf: more than half of all the fishes and shellfish consumed in the world is farmed
F. Almost half
42
Polychlorinated buphenyls
- contaminants accumulate on farmed fish
43
Trans genetic
Grows faster and longer
44
Where do timber and charcoal come from?
Mangroves
45
Pollution and aquariums
Collected using poisons or explosives that kill nearby fish
46
Sponges and gorgonian properties are used in medicine
- t
47
First of the sea’s non renewable energy to be used commercially
Oil and gas
48
Exploratory drilling
1. From drill shops or platforms | 2. Steel is erected for extraction
49
Source of energy from sea floor
Methane, methane hydrates
50
Source of mineral from sea
Offshore deposits of phosphates and sulfide | Polymetallic nodules
51
Polymetallic nodules
- Lumps of minerals on sea floor belong c.shelf
52
Sulfide deposits are at
Ridges and hydrothermal vents
53
Non loving resources from seawater
Tidal energy Wave energy OTEC
54
How to harness tidal energy
- Mill wheels - Barriers in areas w/high tidal range ((drives turbines and electricity)
55
Tidal energy
- Energy contained in normal ebb and flow of tides - pollution free - changes tidal patterns
56
Cons of tidal energy
- marshes injured - pollutants upstream - restricted river flow
57
Wave energy
Energy from wind generated waves and strong currents
58
Tidal energy and wave energy similarity
Converted into electocity by turbines
59
What does OTEC mean?
Ocean thermal energy conversion
60
OTEC
Process of taking advantage of temp dif of surface and deep water
61
Buofouling
Unwanted growth of seaweeds, encrusting, microorganisms Challenge of harnessing energy
62
Desalination
Convert seawater into fresh water
63
Desalinization plants
- desert or semi desert - water shortage - reverse osmosis - produces saline residue
64
Anthropogenic impacts
Effects of human activities
65
How much of the world’s coral has been lost/high risk?
More than 1/4
66
Tf: all corals are listed as vulnerable by CITES
True
67
How are corals affected by humans?
- excess nutrients - overfishing - run off - deforestation - dredging - explosives and poison - mining - trade/souvenirs - harvesting - seaweed - anchor, traps, shell collectors, reef waking, scuba - ocean acidification
68
How does dredging affect corals
Sediments resuspended, ⬆️ sediment
69
How does deforestation affect corals
⬆️ amount of soil washed out to the sea
70
What is ocean acidification caused by
Increase of atmospheric co2
71
How does ocean acidification affect coral
Makes Skelton more prone to dissolving | Restricts growth
72
How does mining affect coral
Mined for construction material
73
Coral stress
Bleaching and band diseases
74
How do excess nutrients affect coral
Allows bacteria and fungi to take hold on damaged/stressed colonies
75
Why is trawling bad
Scars on soft sediment, breaks sessile organisms Sediment resuspended Releases nutrients from bottom Displaces/turns boulders Threatens seamounts
76
Pollution
Introduction of pollutants that ⬇️ quality
77
Eutrophication. Where does the source come from? What does it contain? Why is it bad in general?
Fertilizers in runoff and sewage nitrate, phosphate, etc. Cause hypoxic zones
78
Largest source of nitrogen to open ocean
Atmospheric input from fossil fuel combustion
79
Hypoxic
Dead
80
Stormwater runoff
Water from rain that gets carried to ocean Includes: fertilizers, pesticides, oil, bacteria and viruses, parasites
81
18.1
📝
82
Domestic vs industrial sewage
D: carries wastewater from homes, buildings, stormwater runoff I: factory waste and the like
83
Impacts of sewage
Causes disease, infections, sex changes, low reproduction
84
Sewage treatment | Examples
reduces bad effects of sewage treatment and creates sludge Examples: sits in basin so solid matter settles out decay bacteria and others break it down or chemicals
85
How are hypoxic conditions created?
Increased bacterial decomposition caused by nutrient pollution
86
💪🏼
You got this
87
Sludge
Semiliquid material taken out of sewage More concentrated than sewage Lots if heavy metals and toxic stuff create black deserts
88
Sludge association with detritus feeders and bacteria
- can’t handle OM in the sludge | - bacteria decompose OM (anoxic conditions)
89
What can sludge do to marine organisms?
- decrease populations, replaced by harder organisms | - bottom fishes have abnormalities bc of toxic substances
90
Sewage
Waste displaced into the ocean often containing harmful substances
91
Where is sludge displaced
Marshes (recycle nutrients)
92
How is sludge recycled?
``` Landfill Construction blocks Compost Fertilizers Energy ⚡️ electricity ```
93
Crude oil aka
Petroleum
94
Crude oil
Mixture of hydrocarbons | Turned into fuel, synthetic fibers, rubber, fertilizer (plastic material)
95
Hydrocarbon
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen
96
Is oil from natural seepage a pollutant?
No
97
TF: natural seepage are the most important source if oil in South American waters
False . North
98
Largest marine spill in the US
2010 Deepwater Horizon drilling platform gulf of 🇲🇽
99
Large is Marine spill in the world
1991 in Iraqi war
100
Components of oil
- insolvable - some float on surface, some in sediment - tar balls - black deposits on shore
101
Tf: oil isn’t biodegradable
F
102
Biodegradation of oil
- lighter components evaporate | - decompose by bacteria
103
Effects of oil on marine life
- receive oil components - interfere w/ reproduction, development, growth, behavior - ⬆️ chance of disease - prevent growth of phytoplankton - mammals and birds die bc 🪶/ hair has oil
104
Crude oil is more toxic than fuel oil
F
105
Oil spills on rocky shores
- sessile organisms die - wave action and tides clean oil - recover - degradation by bacteria
106
Spills on exposed rocky shores degrade/decline more quickly by bacteria if
An oil soluable fertilizer is added
107
Oil spills drifting to salt marshes and mangroves
Absorb oil in sediment
108
Oil spills in Coral reefs and seagrass beds
- swollen tissue, lots of mucus, no tissue
109
Persistent substances
Nonbiodegradable Substances that remain in the environment for years
110
Persistent inorganic pollutants
- toxic - synthetic - unnatural
111
Persistent organic pollutants
- natural - no carbon - not derived from living matter
112
Persistent organic pollutants example
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
113
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Pesticides PCBs Dioxins Furans
114
What are pesticides
Chemicals used to kill insects and control weeds
115
What is pesticides absorbed by?
- phytoplankton and particles suspended
116
What happens when an organism eats another organism with Coordinated hydrocarbon pesticides
In ternal concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons is higher than food supply
117
Biological magnification
Increase concentration of non-biodegradable chemicals and higher levels of the food chain
118
Affects of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides on birds
Concentrations in the body fat interfered with the making calcium in 🥚 shells - thin and break
119
Pesticides on marine organisms
(Dissolve in fats, not excreted, stay inside organisms)
120
PCB stands for
Polychlorinated byphenyls
121
PCBs
- Persistent - biological magnification - toxic
122
Wild fish have more concentration of PCBs than farm fish. Why?
F. They are fat contaminated fish meal, have biological magnification
123
PCBs are in hazardous waste
T
124
Can dredging release PCB
Yes
125
Dioxins and furans
- from pulp mills and waste incinerators - natural too-> forest fires - cancer, birth defects, immune system prob - biological magnification
126
Global distillation
1. Evaporate in atmosphere 2. Condense in cool atmosphere 3. Released in precipitation PCBs, dioxins, furans cycle
127
Condensation of chemicals takes place near the equator
F
128
Coronation hydrocarbons pollutants can form sex hormones
T
129
Types of pollution
Eutrophication, Stormwater runoff, sewage, oil, pesticides, poly coronated byphenyls, heavy metals, radioactive waste, plastic, thermal pollution
130
Heavy metals types
Mercury Lead Cadmium Copper
131
Methyl Mercury
- Persistent and accumulate in food chain | - undergo global distillation
132
The younger the fish the higher the Mercury contents
False
133
Where can methyl Mercury be found
Coastal sediments
134
Lead.
Peristaltic and concentrated in tissues
135
Cadmium and copper
Small concentrated in marine life | from mining and refining operations
136
Radioactive wastes
Radioactivity pollution | Penetrates through living matter
137
Radioactivity
Atoms that emit radiation in the form of energy or particles
138
Radioactive isotopes
- natural | - reaches us from space
139
Source of radioactivity
Waste of nuclear power plants Sunken/crashed nuclear weapons Industrial waste
140
How much of beach trash is plastic
70%
141
Plastic
Organic, synthetic, non biodegradable, durable material
142
What is the biggest source of plastic waste
Packaging
143
How many seabirds and marine mammals are killed because of plastic every year
Birds: 2 million Mammals: 100,000
144
Micro plastics are <5mm
T
145
Thermal pollution
Pollution by heated water resulted from cooling process
146
Thermal pollution effect
- ⬇️ ability to dissolve o2 - tropical species live below tolerable temps - brines turn desalinate
147
Rare vs threatened vs endangered
Rare: face extinction, not in immediate danger but are at risk Threatened: low # Endangered: immediate danger of disappearing
148
What cause the loss of biodiversity via species disappearance
Habitat loss and degradation
149
Coastal Management
Wise use of coasts and benefits are sustained for future gen.
150
Exclusive economic zones aka
EEZs
151
EEZ
So 200 miles wide, nations have exclusive rights to fishing and other resources
152
MPA
Protection and management areas of ecological significance
153
Habitat Restoration
 helps recovery from stress by transplanting or restocking key species from healthy areas
154
10 things you can do to save the ocean
1. Take care of the environment 2. Eat sustainably caught seafood 3. beware of what you buy 4. Save gas 5. Save electricity 6. Dispose of hazardous materials properly 7. Use fewer plastics recycle 8. Keep it clean 9. Get involved keep in formed 10. Endorse a new ocean ethic
155
Artificial reefs
- enhances biodiversity - irregular surfaces and hiding places - attact life - offshore oil rigs richer than rocky reefs - use more long lasting concrete
156
Sediment resuspended (kills
Suspension feeders

Marine Bio (3 decks)

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