Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAN > L02: Environmental Factors And Cancer > Flashcards

L02: Environmental Factors And Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the environmental factors that can cause cancer involve

A 
Diet 
Lifestyle choices
Infectious disease
Outdoor and indoor pollution 
Soil and drinking water contaminants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the cancer incidents patterns like in different countries

A

Cancer incidence rates are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do cancer types in countries differ

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name a country that has high risk of skin cancer

A

Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What country has the lowest risk of skin cancer

A

Japan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does migration of people from one country to another affect their cancer risk

A

No e.g if Japanese settle into the u.s they still have a low risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can some cancers become avoidable

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When are some cancers avoidable

A

When they have a non-genetic cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are carcinogens

A

A substance that can induce cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are carcinogens that lead to cancer

A

Mutagenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name some examples of group 1 carcinogen

A 
Virus 
Solar Radiation 
Smoking 
Alcohol 
Processed meat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is 3 factors of a risk assessment for a carcinogen involve

A

Potency
Type of exposure
Dose response (what happens to risk if exposure increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What has lung cancer been associated with

A

Air pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What substances does air pollution involve

A 
Particulate matter 
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide 
Ozone gas
Carbon monoxide 
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the sources of air pollution

A 
Transport
Farming 
Industry 
Natural pollutants 
Fossil fuel power stations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which report classed air pollution as a carcinogen

A

IARC hazard assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the molecular mechanism of particulate matter that

A 
Sustained proliferative signalling 
Cell death resistance
Angiogenesis induction 
Activation of invasion and metastasis
Inflammation 
Genome instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main source of indoor air pollution

A

Tobacco exposure or second hand smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ways of nicotine causing cancer

A
  • React with DNA to form DNA addicts
  • Miscoding that leads to permanent mutation in DNA : if it occurs in RAS or P53 it can cause cancer
  • Failure of regulatory mechanism
  • Tobacco contains tumour promoters which activate carcinogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What diseases can smoking lead to

A

Lung cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Oesophageal cancer

21
Q

Why is colorectal cancer highest in Germany than Greece

A

There are differences in the diet

22
Q

What type of meat causes cancer

A

Red and processed meat

23
Q

What is processed meat

A

Transformed through salting, fermentation or other processes to enhance flavour

24
Q

What is red meat

A

Unprocessed mammalian meat

25
Q

Which type of meat is classed as group 1 carcinogen

A

Processed meat

26
Q

Which type of meat is classed as 2a carcinogen

A

Red meat

27
Q

What does being classed into group 1 carcinogen mean

A

It causes cancer

28
Q

What does being classed into class 2a carcinogen mean

A

Probably causes cancer

29
Q

Does smoking or meat have the highest risk of cancer

A

Smoking

30
Q

Which food types lower the risk of cancer

A

Fibres

31
Q

What is low fibres linked to

A

Increased risk of bowel cancer

32
Q

How does weight have a relationship with cancer

A

Longer the person stays obese the higher the risk of cancer

33
Q

What is the mechanism for obesity with cancer

A

obesity promotes primary tumour growth and metastasis progression

34
Q

What occurs in obesity

A

Inflammation

35
Q

How does inflammation due to obesity drive cancer

A

inflammation provides tumour development

increased inflammation attracts myeloid cells and drives the release of IL-1B which increases tumour signalling

36
Q

What happens to the stroma in obesity that causes tumour development

A

obesity increases fibroblast in the stroma which stiffens the extracellular matrix and promotes cancer growth and migration

37
Q

What happens to the number of adipocytes in the body in obesity

A

Increases

38
Q

What does increased adipocytes in obesity do to drive tumour growth

A

increased adipocytes express VEGF-A that increase IL-B increasing tumour angiogenesis

39
Q

How is physical activity correlated with cancer

A

Increase in physical activity can lower the risk of some cancer

40
Q

Name an example of a cancer that has reduced risk with exercise

A

Breast cancer

41
Q

How does exercise decrease the risk of developing breast cancer

A

Lowers oestrogen
Lowers insulin
Reduce inflammation

42
Q

How is alcohol consumption correlated with cancer

A

Increased alcohol consumption increases risk of cancer

43
Q

What is the mechanism behind alcohol and cancer

A

Alcohol damaged DNA by point mutations
Increased hormones
Damage to liver cells to give liver cancer

44
Q

What is asbestos

A

A naturally occurring fibrous silicate that is used in thermal insulation

45
Q

What does prolonged inhalation of asbestos cause

A

Pleural mesothelioma

46
Q

What is pleural mesothelioma

A

Cancer of the lining of the lung

47
Q

Is there any treatment for pleural mesothelioma

A

No

48
Q

What does radiation lead to that causes cancer

A

DNA damage

49
Q

Overall to reduce the risk of cancer what can someone do

A

Quit smoking
Avoid uv light
Healthy diet- rich in fibres
Exercise- for breast cancer

CAN (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions