L19: Anatomy And Cancer

Question 1

What is a neoplasm

Answer 1

An abnormal mass of tissue due to excess cell division more than it should be

Question 2

What are the features of benign tumours

Answer 2

Benign is innocent, localised, affects surrounding tissue by mass effect and never metastasises

Question 3

What are the features of malignant tumours

Answer 3

Agressive
Invades local tissue
Can metastasise

Question 4

What are the basic concepts of tumours

Answer 4

Parenchyma

Stroma

Question 5

What does the parenchyma include

Answer 5

Clonal expansion if neoplastic cells

Question 6

What is stroma

Answer 6

Non neoplastic connective tissue and blood vessels

Question 7

What is a desmoplasia

Answer 7

When the stroma catches up with the neoplastic cells and contains stroma

Question 8

What are the 2 main tissue origins of tumours

Answer 8

Epithelial

Mesenchyme

Question 9

What is the suffix of malignant tumours from epithelial cells

Answer 9

Carcinoma

Question 10

What is the suffix for malignant tumours derived from mesenchyme cells

Answer 10

Sarcoma

Question 11

What are teratomas

Answer 11

Neoplasms debrief from embryonic germ cells

Question 12

What does classification of tumours depend on

Answer 12

Differentiation- grading
Metastasis
Behaviour
Growth rate

Question 13

What does anaplasia mean

Answer 13

Cells that are not well differentiated and you can’t tell their origin

Question 14

To see if tumours are well differentiated what do we look at

Answer 14

Size and shape 
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Abundant atypical mitosis 
Loss of polarity 
Tumour giant cells 
Ischemic necrosis

Question 15

What are tumour giant cells

Answer 15

When the nucleus division if quick than the cytoplasmic division so the cell contains multiple nuclei

Question 16

What is ischaemic necrosis

Answer 16

Tumour cells that undergo rapid division and blood supply is not enough so the cells necrose

Question 17

What can the growth rate of tumours be like

Answer 17

Slow
Slow growing with phases of rapid growth
Rapid

Question 18

What does the growth rate of cells depend on

Answer 18

The cell turnover rate

Growth fraction

Question 19

What is a growth fraction

Answer 19

Actively growing cells within the tumour

Question 20

What is the differentiation of rapidly growing cells like

Answer 20

Poorly differentiated

Question 21

What is the differentiation of slow growing tumours like

Answer 21

Well differentiated

Question 22

Do benign tumours penetrate the capsule or surrounding tissue

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Do malignant tumours infiltrate the surrounding tissue

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Do malignant tumours have a define capsule

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Do benign tumours have a defined capsule

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

If malignant cells infiltrate the surrounding tissue how is it surgically resected

Answer 26

By removing the tumour itself and health margin

Question 27

What is metastasis

Answer 27

When the tumour cells detaches from the primary origin and travel to a different organ to colonise there

Question 28

Which tumours can metastasis

Answer 28

Malignant tumours

Question 29

What are the 3 spread of route of cancer

Answer 29

1) direct/local spread 2) lymphatic spread 3) haemotogenous spread

Question 30

What is direct/local spread

Answer 30

When the tumour cells compress or invade the surrounding structures

Question 31

What is lymphatic spread

Answer 31

Tumours cells spread via Lymph vessel and deposit in lymph nodes

Question 32

What is haemotogenous spread

Answer 32

Tumour cells spread via venous drainage

Question 33

Why does tumour cells spread via venous drainage

Answer 33

Because veins drain away the organs so can carry the deposit of the organ

Question 34

Where can the from direct spread be to

Answer 34

1) through wall of primary organ by invading the capsule 2) adjacent organs 2) walls of the primary organ

Question 35

What is peritoneal spread

Answer 35

A type of direct spread by seeding

Question 36

What is a transcoelamic spread

Answer 36

When cancer cells cross over the peritoneal cavity and are deposited on the other side of the cavity

Question 37

What is the organisation of the lymphatic system like

Answer 37

Capillaries Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Lymph trunks

Question 38

What are the 2 groups of lymph nodes

Answer 38

Superficial | Deep

Question 39

What does superficial lymph nodes involve

Answer 39

Skin Mucous membrane Serous lining

Question 40

What does deep lymph nodes involve

Answer 40

Organs

Question 41

What do lymphatic trunks drain into

Answer 41

Lymphatic ducts

Question 42

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts

Answer 42

Right lymphatic duct | Thoracic duct

Question 43

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into

Answer 43

The right venous angle

Question 44

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

Answer 44

Left Venous angle

Question 45

What is the venous angle

Answer 45

The junction between the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

Question 46

Where does the thoracic duct begin

Answer 46

At the cisterns chyli

Question 47

How does lymphatic spread occur

Answer 47

1) Cells detach from the primary tumour and enter lymph capillaries 2) cells colonise the lymph nodes

Question 48

What are sentinel lymph nodes

Answer 48

The first group of lymph nodes that drain the tumour

Question 49

What can we do to sentinel lymph nodes to determine the diagnosis of cancer

Answer 49

Biopsy

Question 50

What is the sentinel node for breast cancer

Answer 50

Axillary lymph nodes

Question 51

What is the main organ that has metastasis through the vein

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

Where does lungs receive blood from

Answer 52

The heart

Question 53

Where does the heart receive its blood from

Answer 53

Systemic circulation

Question 54

Where can structures draining into the systemic circulation metastasis

Answer 54

The lungs