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CAN > L19: Anatomy And Cancer > Flashcards

L19: Anatomy And Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

An abnormal mass of tissue due to excess cell division more than it should be

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2
Q

What are the features of benign tumours

A

Benign is innocent, localised, affects surrounding tissue by mass effect and never metastasises

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3
Q

What are the features of malignant tumours

A

Agressive
Invades local tissue
Can metastasise

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4
Q

What are the basic concepts of tumours

A

Parenchyma

Stroma

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5
Q

What does the parenchyma include

A

Clonal expansion if neoplastic cells

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6
Q

What is stroma

A

Non neoplastic connective tissue and blood vessels

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7
Q

What is a desmoplasia

A

When the stroma catches up with the neoplastic cells and contains stroma

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8
Q

What are the 2 main tissue origins of tumours

A

Epithelial

Mesenchyme

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9
Q

What is the suffix of malignant tumours from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

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10
Q

What is the suffix for malignant tumours derived from mesenchyme cells

A

Sarcoma

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11
Q

What are teratomas

A

Neoplasms debrief from embryonic germ cells

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12
Q

What does classification of tumours depend on

A

Differentiation- grading
Metastasis
Behaviour
Growth rate

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13
Q

What does anaplasia mean

A

Cells that are not well differentiated and you can’t tell their origin

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14
Q

To see if tumours are well differentiated what do we look at

A 
Size and shape 
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Abundant atypical mitosis 
Loss of polarity 
Tumour giant cells 
Ischemic necrosis
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15
Q

What are tumour giant cells

A

When the nucleus division if quick than the cytoplasmic division so the cell contains multiple nuclei

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16
Q

What is ischaemic necrosis

A

Tumour cells that undergo rapid division and blood supply is not enough so the cells necrose

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17
Q

What can the growth rate of tumours be like

A

Slow
Slow growing with phases of rapid growth
Rapid

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18
Q

What does the growth rate of cells depend on

A

The cell turnover rate

Growth fraction

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19
Q

What is a growth fraction

A

Actively growing cells within the tumour

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20
Q

What is the differentiation of rapidly growing cells like

A

Poorly differentiated

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21
Q

What is the differentiation of slow growing tumours like

A

Well differentiated

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22
Q

Do benign tumours penetrate the capsule or surrounding tissue

A

No

23
Q

Do malignant tumours infiltrate the surrounding tissue

A

Yes

24
Q

Do malignant tumours have a define capsule

A

No

25
Q

Do benign tumours have a defined capsule

A

Yes

26
Q

If malignant cells infiltrate the surrounding tissue how is it surgically resected

A

By removing the tumour itself and health margin

27
Q

What is metastasis

A

When the tumour cells detaches from the primary origin and travel to a different organ to colonise there

28
Q

Which tumours can metastasis

A

Malignant tumours

29
Q

What are the 3 spread of route of cancer

A

1) direct/local spread
2) lymphatic spread
3) haemotogenous spread

30
Q

What is direct/local spread

A

When the tumour cells compress or invade the surrounding structures

31
Q

What is lymphatic spread

A

Tumours cells spread via Lymph vessel and deposit in lymph nodes

32
Q

What is haemotogenous spread

A

Tumour cells spread via venous drainage

33
Q

Why does tumour cells spread via venous drainage

A

Because veins drain away the organs so can carry the deposit of the organ

34
Q

Where can the from direct spread be to

A

1) through wall of primary organ by invading the capsule
2) adjacent organs
2) walls of the primary organ

35
Q

What is peritoneal spread

A

A type of direct spread by seeding

36
Q

What is a transcoelamic spread

A

When cancer cells cross over the peritoneal cavity and are deposited on the other side of the cavity

37
Q

What is the organisation of the lymphatic system like

A

Capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph trunks

38
Q

What are the 2 groups of lymph nodes

A

Superficial

Deep

39
Q

What does superficial lymph nodes involve

A

Skin
Mucous membrane
Serous lining

40
Q

What does deep lymph nodes involve

A

Organs

41
Q

What do lymphatic trunks drain into

A

Lymphatic ducts

42
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

43
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into

A

The right venous angle

44
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Left Venous angle

45
Q

What is the venous angle

A

The junction between the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

46
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin

A

At the cisterns chyli

47
Q

How does lymphatic spread occur

A

1) Cells detach from the primary tumour and enter lymph capillaries
2) cells colonise the lymph nodes

48
Q

What are sentinel lymph nodes

A

The first group of lymph nodes that drain the tumour

49
Q

What can we do to sentinel lymph nodes to determine the diagnosis of cancer

A

Biopsy

50
Q

What is the sentinel node for breast cancer

A

Axillary lymph nodes

51
Q

What is the main organ that has metastasis through the vein

A

Liver

52
Q

Where does lungs receive blood from

A

The heart

53
Q

Where does the heart receive its blood from

A

Systemic circulation

54
Q

Where can structures draining into the systemic circulation metastasis

A

The lungs

CAN (25 decks)

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