L13: Pathology Of Cancer- Classification Of Neoplasms

Question 1

What is a neoplasms

Answer 1

A mass of cell that:

• undergone irreversible change from normality
• proliferate in an uncoordinated manner
• partially or completely independent of factors which control normal growth

Question 2

Does the neoplastic growth continue even if initiating stimulus e.g smoking or uv radiation is withdrawn

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What is the definition of cancer

Answer 3

A malignant neoplasm

Question 4

What are the 4 ways in classifying neoplasms

Answer 4

1) behavioural i.e benign or malignant
2) histogenesis i.e differentiation
3) histological
4) functional

Question 5

When is a neoplasm malignant

Answer 5

• local invasion of surrounding tissue

- spread to distant sites to form metastasis via lymphatic or blood stream

Question 6

Is staging and grading the same

Answer 6

No they have 2 distinct meanings

Question 7

When is staging used

Answer 7

In the context of malignant neoplasm to estimate the spread

Question 8

How many staging system do we have

Answer 8

Various depending on the disease

Question 9

What staging system is used in general

Answer 9

TNM

Question 10

What does TNM stand for

Answer 10

Tumour
Nodes
Metastasis

Question 11

What does histogenesis mean

Answer 11

Differentiation

Question 12

What are the main 2 tissues in the body

Answer 12

Epithelial

Mesenchymal

Question 13

What cell forms the majority of malignant cancers

Answer 13

Epithelial

Question 14

What does mesenchymal cells of majority form

Answer 14

Bening neoplasms

Question 15

What does differentiation mean

Answer 15

The degree to which neoplasms histologically resembles its tissue of origin

Question 16

What is the differentiation of benign tumours like

Answer 16

Well differentiated that resembles the tissue they originated from

Question 17

What is the differentiation of malignant neoplasms like

Answer 17

Poorly differentiated

Question 18

What is grading

Answer 18

A term used to describe the degree of differentiation

Question 19

How many grades do we have for differentiation

Answer 19

3 grades

Question 20

What is grade 1

Answer 20

Well differentiated

Question 21

What is grade 2

Answer 21

Moderately differentiated

Question 22

What is grade 3

Answer 22

Poorly differentiated

Question 23

How does poorly differentiated neoplasms behave

Answer 23

Aggressively

Question 24

What is a malignant tumour that is poorly differentiated that its impossible to determine its histogenesis called

Answer 24

Anaplastic

Question 25

What are malignant epithelium tumours end in

Answer 25

Carcinoma

Question 26

What is a benign squamous cell tumour

Answer 26

Squamous cell papilloma

Question 27

What is a malignant squamous cell tumour

Answer 27

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 28

What does benign tumours end in

Answer 28

Oma

Question 29

What are malignant glandular tissue tumour called

Answer 29

Adenomcarcinoma

Question 30

What is a thyroid

Answer 30

A gland

Question 31

What must the thyroid gland cancer be classed as

Answer 31

Adenocarcinoma

Question 32

Are thyroid gland classed as adenocarcinoma

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What are thyroid glands classed according to

Answer 33

Histological appearance

Question 34

What are the 3 histological subtypes of thyroid carcinoma

Answer 34

Papillary - finger like structures Follicular Anaplastic - doesnt resemble anything

Question 35

Why are thyroid carcinomas classed based upon histological appearance

Answer 35

It correlates with the route of spread and prognosis

Question 36

What is the common route of spread of a histological subtype of papillary

Answer 36

Lymphatic

Question 37

What is the prognosis of papillary

Answer 37

Very good

Question 38

What is the route of spread of a follicular histological subtype

Answer 38

Bone

Question 39

What is the prognosis of follicular histological subtype

Answer 39

Good

Question 40

What is the route of spread of anaplastic

Answer 40

Local invasion

Question 41

What is the prognosis of anaplastic

Answer 41

Poor

Question 42

When we classify tumours based upon their function, what do we look at

Answer 42

Substances i.e hormones produced by the neoplasm

Question 43

What are insunlinomas

Answer 43

Insulin producing pancreatic islet cell neoplasm

Question 44

What are prolactinoma

Answer 44

Prolactin producing anterior pituitary neoplasm

Question 45

What are other tumours

Answer 45

Teratomas Embryonic tumours Hamartoma

Question 46

What are teratomas

Answer 46

Neoplasms derived from embryonic germ cells

Question 47

What does teratomas occurs in

Answer 47

Ovary Testis Midline structures

Question 48

What does teratomas have the capacity to do

Answer 48

Differentiate into 3 germ cell layers

Question 49

Are ovary teratomas usually benign or malignant

Answer 49

Benign

Question 50

Are testis teratomas usually benign or malignant

Answer 50

Malignant

Question 51

What are embryonic tumours derived form

Answer 51

Multi potent embryonic cells from developing organs

Question 52

What is the suffix for embryonic tumours

Answer 52

Blastoma

Question 53

What are hamartomas

Answer 53

Tumour like manifestations

Question 54

What happens to hamartomas if they present at birth

Answer 54

Stop growing when the host stops growing