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CM - Control > L11 - The auditory pathway > Flashcards

L11 - The auditory pathway Flashcards

1
Q

what is the flat part of the temporal bone called?

A

squamous

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2
Q

what is the rough part fo the temporal bone called?

A

petrous

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3
Q

what is the functions of the external ear?

A

receives sound waves

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4
Q

what is the functions of the middle ear?

A

sound waves are changed to mechanical waves - contains ossicles

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5
Q

what is the functions of the inner ear?

A

changes mechanical waves to electrical waves - contains cochlea

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6
Q

how big is the external Canal?

A

2-3cm - transmits sound waves towards the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

what is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

vibrates with sound waves separates external from middle ear

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8
Q

which structure separates the external ear from the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

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9
Q

what structure is commonly known as the “ear drum”?

A

tympanic membrane

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10
Q

how does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

via eustachian (Auditory tube)

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11
Q

what are the 3 ossicles?

A

malleus incus stapes

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12
Q

what is the function of the ossicles?

A

vibrate to amplify sound and transfer to the middle. ear

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13
Q

what happens to the ossicles with age?

A

become calcified with age - less flexible - conductive hearing loss

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14
Q

what structures does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

nasopharynx to middle ear

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15
Q

what is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A
  • drains middle ear into nasopharynx - preventing accumulation of fluids - ventilates middle ear - equalise pressure between external environment and inside head
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16
Q

why are infants more likely to get ear infections than adults?

A
  • Eustachian tube more horizontal (adults more vertical) - easy route for bacteria from nasopharynx /ear
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17
Q

why is the middle ear a “high risk space” for infection?

A
  • connected to nasopharynx (prone to infection) - connected to mastoid air cells (infection can spread to cranial fossa) - internal jugular vein lies inferior (thrombosis risk) - internal carotid artery lies anterior (pulsatile tinnitus) - traversed by chordates tympani and facial canal (could become infected and spread to facial muscles)
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18
Q

why does the middle ear being connected to the nasopharynx make it a high risk space?

A

prone to infection

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19
Q

why does the middle ear being connected to mastoid air cells make it a high risk space?

A

infection may spread to middle cranial fossa

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20
Q

if there was an infection of the middle ear where may is spread?

A

middle cranial fossa (via mastoid air cells) chordates tympani facial canal

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21
Q

why does the internal jugular vein lying inferior to the middle ear make the middle ear a high risk space?

A

risk of thrombosis

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22
Q

why does the internal carotid lying anterior to the middle ear make the middle ear a high risk space?

A

link to pulsatile tinnitus

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23
Q

what is pulsatile tinnitus?

A

a rhythmical noise that usually has the same rate as the heart. This is easily checked by feeling the pulse at the same time as listening to the tinnitus.

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24
Q

what is the stapedius reflex?

A

involuntary muscle contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani of the ossicles in the middle ear - in response to high-intensity sound - used to asses middle ear function

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25
Q

what part of the year is located in the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

inner ear

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26
Q

the inner ear is made up of which 2 special sense organs?

A

vestibular system (balance and equilibrium) cochlea (hearing)

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27
Q

how is the spiral ganglia of the cochlear system tonotopically organised?

A

tip: lower freq sounds base: higher freq sounds

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28
Q

the petrous part of the temporal bone has a series of fluid filled cavities - what are they?

A

bony (outer) labyrinth membranous (inner) labyrinth

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29
Q

what fluid is contained in the bony (outer) labyrinth of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

perilymph - resembles extra-cellular fluid

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30
Q

what fluid is contained in the membranous (inner) labyrinth of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

endolymph - resembles intracellular fluid

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31
Q

which fluid filled cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone contains fluid that resembles extra-cellular fluid?

A

bony (outer) labyrinth perilymph - resembles extra-cellular fluid

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32
Q

which fluid filled cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone contains fluid that resembles intra-cellular fluid?

A

membranous (inner) labyrinth endolymph - resembles intracellular fluid

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33
Q

what is the vestibular system made up of?

A

vestibule semicircular canals (SCC)

34
Q

which bit of the ear is responsible for “hearing”?

A

cochlea

35
Q

what does the cochlear duct do?

A

separates cochlea into two chambers: 1) scala vestibuli (SV) 2) scala tympani (ST)

36
Q

what structure separates cochlea into two chambers?

A

cochlear duct two chambers: 1) scala vestibuli (SV) 2) scala tympani (ST)

37
Q

where do the two chambers of the cochlea become continuous?

A

apex of cochlea

38
Q

what is the helicotrema?

A

part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet

39
Q

what cells/structures make up the spiral organ of Corti?

A

tectorial membrane hair cells basilar membrane cochlear n. fibres

40
Q

what stimulates the spiral organ of Corti?

A

deformation of the cochlear duct by the perilymph in the surrounding SV and ST

41
Q

what is the function of the spiral organ of Corti?

A

Converts fluid pressure into electrical signals via cochlear nerve

42
Q

the cochlear contains which type of fluid?

A

perilymph

43
Q

vibrations of the stapes create what?

A

hydraulic pressure in the perilymph of the SV

44
Q

what creates hydraulic pressure in the perilymph of the SV?

A

vibrations of the stapes

45
Q

describe the route vibrations take within the cochlear?

A

stapes -> perilymph -> SV -> helicotrema -> ST -> round window

46
Q

what structure Converts fluid pressure into electrical signals via cochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

A

spiral organ of Corti - stimulated by the deformation of the cochlear duct by the perilymph in the surrounding SV and ST

47
Q

is the auditory pathway bilateral / ipsilateral / contralateral?

A

bilateral - so sound can be localised

48
Q

what two inputs does the auditory pathway compare?

A

timing loudness

49
Q

briefly describe the auditory pathway

A
  1. hair cells -> cochlear nerve -> cochlear nuclei in the brainstem on the ipsilateral side
  2. synapse with 2o neuron in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
  3. most of the neurons cross over to the contralateral side and synapse in the superior olivary complex
  4. fibres ascend in lateral reminisces (bilaterally) to inferior colliculus
  5. information is relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
50
Q

where do the axons of the 1o auditory neurone synapse?

A

Synapse with 2o neurons in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

51
Q

where will you find 1o auditory neuron fibres?

A

midbrain

52
Q

what type of fibers foes the Trapezoid body carry?

A

decussating auditory fibers from the ventral cochlear nuclei on one side of the brainstem to the superior olivary nuclei on the other

53
Q

where do the cochlear nuclei receive information from?

A

Receive afferents from cochlear nerve

54
Q

where does the cochlear nuclei project information?

A

Project bilaterally to superior olivary nu. (SON) and into lateral lemniscus

55
Q

where does the superior olivary nucleus project ascending information?

A

Sends ascending fibres to inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus bilaterally

56
Q

where is the inferior colliculus?

A

tectum of mid brain

57
Q

which nucleus of the thalamus deals with auditory information?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

58
Q

where is the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

thalamus

59
Q

where does the medial geniculate nucleus project information?

A

fibres pass to primary auditory cortex via acoustic radiation

60
Q

fibres from the medial geniculate nucleus pass to primary auditory cortex via which structure?

A

acoustic radiation

61
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A
  • receives lateral lemniscus - inferior colliculi may exchange auditory information via inferior colliculus commissure - sends auditor information to MGN via brachium
62
Q

the inferior colliculus sends auditory information to the MGN via which structure?

A

brachium (arm) of inferior colliculus

63
Q

which gyrus is associated with the primary auditory cortex?

A

heschl’s gyrus

64
Q

with reference to the tonotopic organisation of the auditory cortex, where are low frequency sounds processed?

A

anterolateral part Trick: Sound information of Low pitch projects to anteroLateral part of Heschl’s gyrus

65
Q

with reference to the tonotopic organisation of the auditory cortex, where are high frequency sounds processed?

A

posteromedial part

66
Q

with reference to the tonotopic organisation of the cochlear, where are high frequency sounds processed?

A

base of cochlear

67
Q

with reference to the tonotopic organisation of the cochlear, where are low frequency sounds processed?

A

apex of cochlear

68
Q

The left hemisphere houses which secondary auditory areas specialised for linguistic function?

A

brocas area wernickes area

69
Q

what is the function of brocas area?

A

motor/production of words (anterior of brain)

70
Q

what is the function of wernickes area?

A

sensory/understanding of words

71
Q

which secondary auditory association area is associated with the understanding of words?

A

wernickes area

72
Q

which secondary auditory association area is associated with the production of words?

A

broca’s area

73
Q

what does aphasia result from?

A

damage to speech areas - broca’s (non-fluent) - wernickes (fluent)

74
Q

what is aphasia?

A

Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write

75
Q

briefly describe the descending auditory pathway

A

heschl’s gyrus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> superior olivary nucleus -> cochlear nuclei -> cochlea

76
Q

where does crossing over of auditory fibres take place

A

inferior colliculus (midbrain) trapezoid body at cochlear nuclei

77
Q

what affect would a lesion in the left auditory ascending pathway have?

A

As the auditory pathway is bilateral, a unilateral lesion has virtually no effect on hearing. The ability to localise sound may be impaired

78
Q

if a patient is deaf (usually in both ears) where is the leison?

A

The peripheral part of the auditory (up to the brainstem) must be affected

79
Q

what is conductive deafness?

A

defect of sound transmission up to spiral ganglion

80
Q

what is sensorineural deafness?

A

defect in function of spiral ganglion or cochlear nerve

CM - Control (20 decks)

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