L13: Eye cosmetics and problematic ingredients

Question 1

What causes the ageing of the eyes?

Answer 1

• UV radiation

- Gravity

Question 2

What are used as a binder in an eye shadow?

Answer 2

• Talc

- Zinc/Magnesium stearate

Question 3

What is used to improve oil absorption in an eye shadow formulation?

Answer 3

Kaolin

Question 4

What are used as coloring agents in eye shadows?

Answer 4

• Titanium dioxide
• Bismuth oxychloride
• Fish scale essence
• Copper
• Aluminium
• Gold
• Silver

Question 5

How to make water-resistant eye shadows?

Answer 5

Have a higher content of oily binder (beeswax or lanolin)

Question 6

What is the limitation of water-resistant eye shadows?

Answer 6

Short wearing time due to their tendency to migrate into the eyelid folds

Question 7

What can be done to increase the wearing time of water-resistant eye shadows?

Answer 7

Use eye shadow setting creams before applying the eye shadow to provide an adherent base

Question 8

What is the term that describes that the eyes are closer to each other?

Answer 8

Hypoteloric

Question 9

What is the term that describes that the eyes are more apart?

Answer 9

Hyperteloric

Question 10

How can eye shadows be applied for a hypoteloric person?

Answer 10

Apply on the outer corners of the eyelids

Question 11

How can eye shadows be applied for a hyperteloric person?

Answer 11

Apply on the inner corners of the eyelids

Question 12

How can eye shadows be applied to make the eyes appear bigger?

Answer 12

Apply on the outer corners of the eyelids and beneath the eye corners

Question 13

What is the role of eyelashes?

Answer 13

Protect the eyes from debris and signal the eyelid to reflexively close when something is too close to the eye

Question 14

What is the purpose of using a mascara?

Answer 14

To darken, thicken and lengthen the eyelashes

Question 15

What are some precautions for the usage of mascara?

Answer 15

• Discard mascara tubes after 3 months (as Pseudomonas aeruginosa will grow)
• Do not allow multiple users

Question 16

What are the 3 classes of liquid mascaras?

Answer 16

1. Water-based mascara
2. Solvent-based mascara
3. Hybrid mascara

Question 17

What is a water-based mascara?

Answer 17

Oil-in-water emulsions that contain beeswax with pigments dissolved in water

Question 18

What is the limitation of water-based mascaras?

Answer 18

Smudges with perspiration and tearing

Needs preservatives

Question 19

What is the advantage of water-based mascara over solvent-based mascara?

Answer 19

Less sensitizing

Question 20

What is a solvent-based mascara?

Answer 20

Petroleum distillates with pigments and waxes added

Question 21

What are some disadvantages of solvent-based mascara?

Answer 21

• Removal requires oil-based lotion or cream
• Can be an eye irritant
• Product dries up quickly

Question 22

What are some advantages of solvent-based mascara over water-based mascara?

Answer 22

• Water-resistant
• Performs well with perspiration
• Less preservative required, as it is anti-bacterial by itself

Question 23

What is the advantages of hybrid mascara over the rest of the mascaras?

Answer 23

• Less sensitizing

- Provide water-resistant properties

Question 24

What is the purpose of an eyeliner?

Answer 24

To define the margins of the eyes

Question 25

What are the 3 types of eyeliners?

Answer 25

1. Latex-based liquid eyeliner 2. Pencil eyeliner 3. Eyeliner tattooing

Question 26

Why are eyelash dyes banned?

Answer 26

Because they are toxic to the eyes and may potentially cause blindness and death

Question 27

What is popular eyebrow cosmetic technique in the 21st century?

Answer 27

Microblading

Question 28

How should testing be conducted for newly bought eye cosmetics?

Answer 28

Place at the corner of the eye for 5 consecutive nights and evaluate for allergic or irritant effects

Question 29

What are the 4 main problematic classes of ingredients?

Answer 29

1. Preservatives 2. Color additives 3. Biological additives 4. Herbal additives

Question 30

What are some examples of problematic preservatives?

Answer 30

- Parabens - Triclosan - Nitrosamines - Formaldehyde - 1,4-dioxane - Phthalates

Question 31

What can replace Parabens?

Answer 31

Kathon

Question 32

What are parabens effective against?

Answer 32

Gram positive bacteria and fungi

Question 33

How can the coverage of paraben be improved?

Answer 33

By using it in combination with phenoxyethanol (that is effective against gram negative bacteria)

Question 34

Which of the problematic preservative has been proven to be carcinogenic?

Answer 34

Formaldehyde

Question 35

How else can we preserve products other than using the problematic preservatives?

Answer 35

- Oxygen-free dispenser - One-way valve - Fragrances and natural preservatives (such as essential oils)

Question 36

What are the 3 classes of color additives? Rank according to safety, with the safest one first.

Answer 36

1. FD&C colorant 2. D&C colorant 3. External D&C colorant

Question 37

Which color additive has been shown to be comedogenic?

Answer 37

D&C red dyes

Question 38

Why are biological additives problematic?

Answer 38

Because they usually derived from animals

Question 39

What are some examples of problematic biological additives?

Answer 39

- Collagen - Elastin - Hyaluronic acid - Keratin - Placenta - Amniotic fluid - Egg extract - Blood derivatives

Question 40

Why are herbal additives problematic?

Answer 40

Many herbals are contaminated with herbicides and heavy metals

Question 41

Which is more problematic, biological or herbal additives?

Answer 41

Biological additives

Question 42

What are some examples of vitamin additives?

Answer 42

- Vitamin C - Vitamin E - Carotenoids and niacinamide