L14: The Role Of Hypothalamus

Question 1

Where is the hypothalamus located

Answer 1

At the base of the brain

Question 2

What structure is an extension of the hypothalamus

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Question 3

What are the general functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Motivated behaviour

Question 4

Give an example of a motivated behaviour

Answer 4

Motivated to eat

Question 5

How many hypothalamus is there in the midline

Answer 5

2 because the hypothalamus is located in the midline

Question 6

What makes the hypothalamus protective against injury

Answer 6

The locations

Question 7

What 3 major functions does the hypothalamus control

Answer 7

Autonomic system
Endocrine system
Behaviour

Question 8

What does the hypothalamus do with these 3 functions

Answer 8

Integrate it together to bring an appropriate response via the autonomic or somatic system

Question 9

What the inputs to the hypothalamus from

Answer 9

1) internal environment e.g sensory receptors of osmoreceptors or sensory receptors of the viscera
2) sensory input form external environment from the olfactory or retina

Question 10

What is the sensory inputs from the internal environment associated with

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

What are the 2 structures in the brain that receive info from the external

Answer 11

Limbic regions

Hippocampus

Question 12

What impact does the limbic regions have

Answer 12

Emotional state

Question 13

What is the hippocampus involved in

Answer 13

Memory

Question 14

If the hippocampus and limbic regions receive external info what can they do to affect the hypothalamus

Answer 14

Input into the hypothalamus

Question 15

Where does the hypothalamus output into

Answer 15

Pituitary
Brainstem
Limbic regions

Question 16

What does output to the pituitary gland via the hypothalamus cause

Answer 16

Hormones (endocrine function)

Question 17

What does output into the brainstem via the hypothalamus cause

Answer 17

Autonomic function

Behaviour

Question 18

What does output back to the limb region cause

Answer 18

Behaviour function

Question 19

What does the hypothalamus contain

Answer 19

A collection of many nuclei

Question 20

What is the anterior anatomical boundary of the hypothalamus

Answer 20

Peri optic area

Question 21

What is the posterior anatomical boundary of the hypothalamus

Answer 21

Mamillary body

Question 22

From the medial lateral axis of the hypothalamus what are the 3 zones in the hypothalamus

Answer 22

Peri ventricular zone
Medial zone
Lateral zone

Question 23

What are the nuclie that are within the peraventricular zone

Answer 23

Super chiasmatic nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus

Question 24

What is the supra chiasmatic nucleus involved in

Answer 24

Determining the circadian rhythm

Question 25

What is the arcuate nuclues involved in

Answer 25

Feeding

Question 26

What is the paraventricular nucleus involved in

Answer 26

Feeding and pituitary gland control

Question 27

What nucleus is within the medial zone

Answer 27

Paraventicular nucleus

Question 28

What nucleus is within the lateral zone

Answer 28

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus | Supraoptic nucleus

Question 29

What is the lateral hypothalamus nucleus involved in

Answer 29

Feeding

Question 30

What is the supraoptic nuclei involved in

Answer 30

Release hormone into the posterior pituitary gland

Question 31

What are the 3 main functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 31

Autonomic Endocrine Behaviour

Question 32

What nucleus is the autonomic function closely associated with

Answer 32

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 33

How does the paraventricular nucleus become involved in the autonomic functions

Answer 33

1) paraventricular nucleus sends a signal down to the brainstem 2) at the brainstem the SNS and PNS preganglionic neurones originate 3) stimulation of the hypothalamus leads to changes in blood pressure, heart rate and other ANS controllers functions

Question 34

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 34

Indirectly via capillary beds

Question 35

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 35

Directly via neurones

Question 36

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is associated with the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 36

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 37

How does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus cause the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones

Answer 37

1) neurones/parocellular neurosecretory cells from the paraventricular nucleus release hormones called hypophysiotrophic into the capillary bed 2) hormones travel down the capillary bed top the anterior pituitary gland cells 3) anterior pituitary gland cells release their hormones in response

Question 38

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus associates with the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 38

Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic

Question 39

How does the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus cause the activity in the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 39

1) magnocelluar neurosecretory cells from the paraventricular and supra optic nucleus travel down the pituitary stalk 2) axons release ADH and oxytocin into the capillary bed of the posterior pituitary gland 3) oxytocin and ADH are released form the posterior pituitary gland

Question 40

Give 3 examples when the autonomic, endocrine and behavioural function of the hypothalamus becomes integrated

Answer 40

Food intake Temperature control Reproductive behaviour

Question 41

What does our energy come from

Answer 41

Glucose

Question 42

Why does the brain need glucose

Answer 42

For neural function

Question 43

As we don’t eat all the time what must their be to have energy

Answer 43

Storage system

Question 44

Why do we need the right amount of storage system

Answer 44

To prevent Starvation Obesity

Question 45

How is the hypothalamus involved in the short term regulation of food intake

Answer 45

1) hypothalamus contains receptors for glucose and ghrelin 2) input of info goes in to the mechanoreceptors of gut and glucose receptors in liver to the receptors in the hypothalamus

Question 46

What do we store glucose as in the body

Answer 46

Glycogen | Fat

Question 47

In the long term regulation of food intake what can the hypothalamus get its information from

Answer 47

Fat stores

Question 48

Which hormone helps to signal information about the fat stores to the hypothalamus

Answer 48

Leptin

Question 49

As our fat stores increase what happens to the levels of leptin

Answer 49

Increase

Question 50

Describe how leptin signals to the hypothalamus to change feeding behaviour

Answer 50

1) leptin acts on the arcuate nucleus in the paraventricular zone 2) arcuate nucleus neurones send axons to lateral hypothalamic area and paraventricular nucleus to become activated 3) para ventricular nucleus controls the autonomic system and sends signal to the pituitary gland to control endocrine activity to suppress food intake 4) the lateral hypothalamic area signals to the cortex to search for food

Question 51

Overall what is the role of the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 51

Suppress food intake

Question 52

Overall what is the role of the lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 52

Promote food intake

Question 53

How is the hypothalamus involved in temperature control by an integrated response

Answer 53

1) ANS controls vasomotor control in skin ie. vasodilation or vasoconstrict 2) endocrine: controls metabolism i.e in cold metabolism increases 3) behavioural i.e you shiver is its cold or move to the shade if it’s hot

Question 54

Describe how the hypothalamus is involved in reproductive behaviour

Answer 54

1) ANS controls the activity of the sexual organs 2) endocrine is involved in puberty and menstrual cycle 3) behaviour is involved in the courtship

Question 55

If there is a lesion in the paraventicular nucleus what will is lead to

Answer 55

Uncontrolled feeding and obesity

Question 56

If there is a lesion in the lateral hypothalamic area what will it lead to

Answer 56

Decreased feeding