L16: Higher Cortisol Function- Memory

Question 1

What is the definition of learning

Answer 1

Process of acquisition of knowledge or skill

Question 2

What is the definition of memory

Answer 2

The retention of that knowledge i.e what you have acquired

Question 3

Is learning and memory the same as stereotypical reflex

Answer 3

No because a stereotypical reflex does not have learning

Question 4

What are the 2 ways in which we can classify memory

Answer 4

• nature of memory

- duration

Question 5

What are the 2 types of memory based on the nature of the memory

Answer 5

Declarative

Non declarative

Question 6

What is declarative memory

Answer 6

Information that is explicit

Consciously aware

Question 7

Does declarative memory fade or not

Answer 7

Yes it fades with the so you either ‘use it or lose it’

Question 8

What are the types of declarative memory

Answer 8

Semantic

Episodic

Question 9

What are semantic memory

Answer 9

Facts

Question 10

What are episodic memory

Answer 10

remembering a particular Event e.g remembering the meal you had on your birthday but not yesterday

Question 11

What is non declarative memory

Answer 11

Skills, habits, behaviour

Question 12

Does non declarative memory fade with time or not

Answer 12

No it is less likely to fade

Question 13

What are the types of non declarative memory

Answer 13

Procedural
Conditioned response
Emotional response

Question 14

What is procedural memory

Answer 14

Skills and habits i.e motor tasks e.g riding a bike

Question 15

What is a conditioned response

Answer 15

Associative reflexes e.g the pavlovas dogs

Question 16

How do we classify memory in terms of duration

Answer 16

1) input
2) sensory memory
3) short term memory
4) long term memory

Question 17

What is sensory memory like

Answer 17

Lasts a few seconds

Sensory information e.g vision

Question 18

What is short term memory

Answer 18

Lasts about 30 seconds
Limited capacity 7+/- items
Lost

Question 19

What is long term memory

Answer 19

Retained longer than 30 second

Question 20

How do we go form short term memory to long term memory

Answer 20

Via consolidation related to sleep

Question 21

If sleep is disrupted what can happen to consolidation

Answer 21

Become disputed

Question 22

What is working memory

Answer 22

Processing memory and combining it with info in the long term memory

Question 23

What are the associated factors of forgetting

Answer 23

Increased age

Amnesia

Question 24

In increased age what structure is lost

Answer 24

Synapses and NOT neurones

Question 25

What are the causes of amnesia

Answer 25

``` Traumatic Infection Resection- surgery Stroke Neurodegeneration ```

Question 26

What are the 2 types of Amnesia

Answer 26

Anterograde | Retrograde

Question 27

What is retrograde amnesia

Answer 27

When the individual cannot remember there past before the trauma

Question 28

Which type of memory is lost in retrograde amnesia

Answer 28

Declarative

Question 29

What is anterograde amnesia

Answer 29

When you cannot remember the things after the trauma and form new memories

Question 30

What does current evidence suggest of which parts of the brain are important for different types of memory

Answer 30

A network of connected multiple regions are involved in memory Different networks have different roles in different memory

Question 31

Which structure in the brain is important for declarative memory

Answer 31

Medial temporal lobe

Question 32

In general then what type of memory does medial temporal lobe affect

Answer 32

Episodic then semantic

Question 33

How does info flow from sensory information to long term memory

Answer 33

1) sensory info passes into short term memory by going through structures in the medial temporal lobe 2) hippocampus and rhinal cortices are associated 3) info passed to neocortex to become long term memory

Question 34

How does Info flow from the hippocampus to the neocortex

Answer 34

1) hippocampus 2) hypothalamus 3) thalamus 4) neocortex

Question 35

What does damage from the hippocompus to neocortex pathway result in

Answer 35

Disruption to newly acquired info

Question 36

What is karsakoffs syndrome

Answer 36

When the mammillary body in the thalamus is affected.

Question 37

What memory does karsakoffs syndrome affect

Answer 37

The episodic memory

Question 38

Which structures in the brain are involved in procedural memory

Answer 38

Cerebellum- for smooth muscle coordination | Supplementary motor area (output of basal ganglia) and basal ganglia

Question 39

What structure in the brain is emotional memory associated with

Answer 39

Amygdala (in the temporal lobes)

Question 40

What does bilateral temporal lobectomy results suggest

Answer 40

Patient had severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory But child hood memory was intact so temporal lobes are not important for long term storage

Question 41

Which structure does the working memory involve

Answer 41

Pre frontal cortex

Question 42

What happens to neurones in memory storage

Answer 42

Their state changes - neuroplasticity

Question 43

What does neuroplasticity involve

Answer 43

Change in neurotransmission | Change in synaptic structures including the number of synapses

Question 44

What are the ways in which we can change neurotransmission

Answer 44

- Long term potentiation | - long term depression

Question 45

What does long term potentiation cause

Answer 45

Increase in synaptic activity

Question 46

What does long term depression cause

Answer 46

Decrease in synaptic activity

Question 47

When is long term potentiation involved

Answer 47

For declarative memory i.e turning a short term memory into a long term memory

Question 48

Describe the process that occurs between a pre-synapse and a post-synapse during normal stimulation without LTP

Answer 48

1) pre-synaptic terminal releases glutamate which binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors on the post synaptic terminal 2) if glutamate binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors it will cause movement of ions and depolarisation 3) glutamate bound to NMDA does not have anything happening due to another molecule bound and blocking the entry of ions

Question 49

Describe the process that occurs between a pre and post synaptic terminal with intense stimulation

Answer 49

1) glutamate that is released from the pre-synaptic terminal binds to AMPA and NMDA 2) NMDA Receptors are now activated as they become unblocked

Question 50

What is LTP reliant on to cause NMDA receptor activity

Answer 50

Intense stimulation

Question 51

What goins on to enable LTP

Answer 51

1) NMDA receptors allow calcium influx 2) AMPA receptors do not 3) this involves the activation of CAMK11 (kinase enzyme) 4) enzyme can de phosphorylate proteins which cause enhanced AMPA function to become more sensitive to glutamate 5) in the longer term with persistence effect we can have gene expression resulting in more AMPA receptors

Question 52

How can we get a change in synaptic structure

Answer 52

1) The axon of a neurone can sprout 2) growth cone with cause another synapse to the post synaptic neurone 3) this gives a greater influence

Question 53

As the brain ages what happens to the synapse

Answer 53

Rigid synapses do not decreases | Plastic synapses decrease

Question 54

What drugs can we use to enhance memory

Answer 54

Nootropics

Question 55

What drugs can we use to suppress memory

Answer 55

NMDA antagonist e.g ketamine

Question 56

Who would use NMDA antagonist

Answer 56

War field survivors

Question 57

How can we treat memory non-pharmacologically

Answer 57

Cognitive behaviour therapy- by reactivating synapses