L15: Addiction And Drugs Of Abuse

Question 1

What is drug abuse about

Answer 1

Social disapproval

Question 2

What is a better term to use instead of drug abuse

Answer 2

Substance dependence

Question 3

What is drug abuse not the same as

Answer 3

Drug misuse

Question 4

What is drug misuse

Answer 4

A prescribed drug in the world indication, wrong dose or for too long

Question 5

When do symptoms occur for someone who is dependent on a drug

Answer 5

When someone stops taking the drug

Question 6

What are the categories of symptoms for substance dependence

Answer 6

Physical

Psychological

Question 7

Name some examples of physical symptoms

Answer 7

Cramps
Tachycardia
Piloerection
Diarrhoea

Question 8

Name same examples of psychological symptoms

Answer 8

Compulsive behaviour

Anxiety

Question 9

What underlies dependence/ origins of dependence

Answer 9

Drug variable
User variable
Environmental variable

Question 10

What is drug variable

Answer 10

The degree of reward mediated by dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 11

What does the release of dopamine make the person feel

Answer 11

Reward

Question 12

What is user variable

Answer 12

Each individual has a different variable based on how well a drug is absorbed and metabolised which is controlled by genetics to an extent

Question 13

What is the environmental variable factors

Answer 13

Peer pressure

Question 14

What are the 2 types of tolerance

Answer 14

1) Innate

2) acquired

Question 15

What is tolerance

Answer 15

A reduced reaction of the drug due to repeated doses/uses

Question 16

What is innate tolerance

Answer 16

Genetically controlled

If you are a fast metaboliser you are likely to be tolerant

Question 17

What is acquired tolerance

Answer 17

If you are a regular consumer of the drug you are likely to build up tolerance
Also involves pharmacodynamic (mechanism of action) factors

Question 18

Name examples of opiates

Answer 18

Heroin
Morphine
Pethidine

Question 19

What pathway allow the rewarded feeling of opiates

Answer 19

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 20

What receptors does opiates act on

Answer 20

Opiate receptors

Question 21

Where are opiate receptors located

Answer 21

On GABA interneurones

Question 22

What happens to the release of GABA when opiates bind to opiate receptors on GABA neurones

Answer 22

Release of GABA is inhibited

Question 23

What type of neurotransmitters are GABA

Answer 23

Inhibitory

Question 24

What does GABA usually inhibit the release of

Answer 24

Dopamine

Question 25

If opiates inhibit the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter of GABA what happens to the release of dopamine

Answer 25

Increases

Question 26

Which receptor becomes activated to cause the release of GABA

Answer 26

GABAa receptors

Question 27

What is the treatment for opiate overdose

Answer 27

Naloxone

Question 28

What is naloxone

Answer 28

Opiate receptor antagonist

Question 29

What is the issue with using naloxone

Answer 29

It has a short life therefore should be given continuously

Question 30

What is the treatment for opiate dependence

Answer 30

Methodone

Question 31

What is methodone

Answer 31

An opiate itself

Question 32

How does methodone work

Answer 32

1) It becomes absorbed rapidly 2) has a longer half life so transition of physical symptoms is slower 3) dose is gradually reduced

Question 33

How does opiate cause a release of GABA when they bind to opiate receptors on the GABA interneurones

Answer 33

1) activation of opiate receptors causes a decrease in adenyly cyclase 2) CAMP decreases 3) decrease in CAMP means less GABA is released

Question 34

What are the 2 ways in which caffeine works

Answer 34

1) inhibits phosphodiesterase which breaks CAMP, therefore you increase CAMP and neuronal activity increases OR 2) caffeine acts as antagonist of adenosine receptors to increase neuronal activity

Question 35

What are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

Answer 35

Lethargy Irritability Weekend headaches

Question 36

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine

Answer 36

1) Cocaine inhibits catecholamine (noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine) uptake 2) this gives a rewarding sensation

Question 37

What are the side effects of cocaine

Answer 37

Tissue necrosis

Question 38

What is the treatment for Cocaine

Answer 38

Tricyclic antidepressants

Question 39

How does amphetamines cause a rewarding effect

Answer 39

Increases the release of catecholamine (noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline)

Question 40

What is the treatment of overdose of amphetamine

Answer 40

Neuroleptic

Question 41

What is a neuroleptic

Answer 41

Dopamine receptor antagonist

Question 42

What is a derivative of amphetamine

Answer 42

Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Question 43

What is the mechanism of action of MDMA

Answer 43

Causes the release of 5HT from neurones

Question 44

What type of drug is cannabis

Answer 44

Lipid soluble

Question 45

What receptors does cannabis work on

Answer 45

Cannabinoid receptors (SB1 and SB2)

Question 46

What is SB1 associated with

Answer 46

Sedative effects

Question 47

What is SB2 associated with

Answer 47

Immune system

Question 48

You activate SB1 receptors at low doses what effect do you get

Answer 48

Euphoria Uncontrollable laughter Sharpened sensory awareness

Question 49

At High doses of cannabis what do you get

Answer 49

Dream like state

Question 50

Name 2 examples of sedatives

Answer 50

Alcohol | Benzodiazepines

Question 51

What receptors does sedatives act at

Answer 51

GABAa receptors

Question 52

What affect does sedatives have

Answer 52

Inhibit the neurone