L2- Intro 2

Question 1

Main organ to maintain stable and internal environment

Answer 1

Kidneys

Question 2

How much blood filtered daily

Answer 2

150-200 L

Question 3

Salt filtered daily

Answer 3

Around 1.5kg

Question 4

General kidney functions

Answer 4

Produce/expel urine
Regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid
Produce hormones
Glucconeogenesis

Question 5

How much CO do kidneys receive

Answer 5

25%

Question 6

Regulation of volume and composition of extracellular fluid

Answer 6

Control pH
Control blood volume and blood pressure
Control ion balance
Control osmolality

Question 7

What hormones are produced by the kidney

Answer 7

Renin
Erythropoietin
1,25 dihydroxyvitaminD

Question 8

What are ureters

Answer 8

25cm long tubes with muscular walls for contraction. Connect kidneys to bladder

Question 9

Name of the smooth muscle which remains relaxed to store urine

Answer 9

Destructor muscle

Question 10

Tube which removes fluids from body

Answer 10

Urethra

Question 11

Urethral sphincter definition

Answer 11

Seals the urethra (External sphincter is striated muscle for voluntary control)

Question 12

What controls micturition

Answer 12

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 13

How is osmosis mediated

Answer 13

Aquaporins

Question 14

What is the largest gland in the body

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue which binds the liver

Answer 15

Glissons capsule

Question 16

Hepatic artery blood flow

Answer 16

Nutrient poor oxygen ritch

Question 17

Hepatic Portal vein blood

Answer 17

Nutrient ritch oxygen poor

Question 18

How much CO reaches the liver

Answer 18

30%

Question 19

Sinusoid

Answer 19

Low pressure vascular channel in the liver

Question 20

Endocrine

Answer 20

Secretes substances into circulation

Question 21

Exocrine

Answer 21

Secretes substances via a duct into the gut

Question 22

Endocrine hormones and their functions

Answer 22

Insulin’s like growth factor- growth and development
Angiotensinogen- vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
Thrombopoietin- stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets
Hepcidin- inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages

Question 23

Exocrine functions

Answer 23

Bile is the exocrine secretion of the liver - 600-1000ml released daily

Question 24

Composition of bile

Answer 24

Bile salts, phospholipids, bile pigments, electrolytes

Question 25

Carbohydrate Metabolic liver functions

Answer 25

Glucogenesis- synthesis of glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis- synthesis of glucose from non carb substances eg amino acids

Question 26

Fat Metabolic liver functions

Answer 26

Oxidises triglycerides Synthesis of lipoproteins, fatty acids , triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids

Question 27

Protein Metabolic liver functions

Answer 27

Synthesis of non essential amino acids Delamination and transmigration of amino acids Synthesis of urea from ammonia Synthesis of angiotensin, albumin etc Synthesis of clotting factors

Question 28

Storage Metabolic liver functions

Answer 28

Stores glycogen, iron, ADEK and water soluble vit b12

Question 29

Excretion Metabolic liver functions

Answer 29

Waste products from red blood cells via bile Cholesterol, hormones and drugs