L20: REVISION

Question 1

What are the roles of variables in experimental designs?

Answer 1

X (Independent/Predictor Variable):
The variable that is manipulated (independent) or a pre-existing characteristic/choice (predictor).
Y (Dependent/Outcome Variable):
The measured outcome that depends on the level of X.

Question 2

Whats nominal data?

Answer 2

Kinds or types of- red birds, blue birds

Question 3

What’s ordinal data?

Answer 3

Nominal + logical order - good, better

Question 4

Whats interval data?

Answer 4

Ordinal + numerical increments - thermometer

Question 5

Whast ratio data?

Answer 5

Interval + true zero - money

Question 6

Whats nominal as an appropriate measure of central tendency

Answer 6

Mode

Question 7

Whats ordinal as an appropriate measure of central tendency

Answer 7

Median

Question 8

Whats interval/ratio as an appropriate measure of central tendency

Answer 8

Median
Trimmed mean

Question 9

Whats interval/ratio as an appropriate measure of central tendency

Answer 9

Mean

Question 10

Whast the measures of dispersion - variation?

Answer 10

Range
Interqaurile range
Variance
Standard deviation
Standard error

Question 11

Whats between vs within subject design?

Answer 11

Between subjects/ independent measures = each participants only takes part in one control

Within subject/ repeated measures = each participants take part in each condition

Question 12

Whast confound variance?

Answer 12

the effects of variables other than the ones that we are
interested in. This is systematic, as we can predict its effects

Question 13

Whats error variance?

Answer 13

random error. This would be expected to affect all
conditions equally, but may make it harder to see true effects

Question 14

Whats statistical validity?

Answer 14

Uses the correct stastical procedure

Question 15

Whats internal validity?

Answer 15

Changes in the DV causes by the IV

Question 16

Whast construct validity?

Answer 16

Measures what its suppose to measure

Question 17

Whats expectancy effects?

Answer 17

Has the social interaction between the experimenter and [participants infleunced the results?

Question 18

Whast external validity?

Answer 18

Results generalise beyond the specific experimental

Question 19

How can me address threats to validity?

Answer 19

• Careful use of statistics
• Identifying and addressing potential confounds
• Blind and double-blind procedures
• Standardisation
• Random assignment of participants to conditions (between subjects design)
• Counterbalancing (within subjects design)
• Replication
• Use of diverse samples/settings/stimuli

Question 20

Whats observational research?

Answer 20

Watching and recording behaviour, but not trying to change it. Also called unobtrusive or nonreactive research

Question 21

Describe naturalist observation?

Answer 21

• subjects watched in natural environment
• subjects disturbed as little as possible

Question 22

Describe laboratory observation?

Answer 22

• subjects watched in the laboratory

Question 23

Whats the different types of observations?

Answer 23

• Participant: Researcher becomes part of the observation
• Non-participant: Observation from a distance
• Structured (systematic): Use of categories to define behaviour
• Controlled: IV is manipulated
• Role play and simulation: Participant act out social roles in dramatic
situations
• Diary method: Participant’s diary observations
• Case study: Observations of a single individual/group
• Archive: Observations from data that already exists

Question 24

What does different types of observation like controlled?

Answer 24

Controlled
• IV is manipulated
• Naturalistic
• Observation in a natural setting, without manipulation of the IV
• Participant
• Researcher becomes part of the observation
• Case studies
• Observation of a single individual (or group)
• Indirect observation, e.g. archives

Question 25

Whats true experiment?

Answer 25

Random allocation of partipants to conditions

Question 26

Whast quasi-experiment?

Answer 26

Non-equivalent pre-existing groups

Question 27

Whats designs without a control group?

Answer 27

Interrupted time-series design – same group compared over time before and after a manipulation • Repeated-treatments designs – effects of treatment measured multiple times

Question 28

Whats measuring effects of age?

Answer 28

• Cross-sectional – different groups of participants of different ages • Longitudinal – same group of participants over a period of time • Cross-sequential – mixture of cross-sectional and longitudinal

Question 29

Whats reproducibility?

Answer 29

The ability to reproduce the method, data preparation and statistical output of a givens tudy

Question 30

Whats replicability?

Answer 30

The ability to find the same effects with a new dataset

Question 31

Whast meta-analysis?

Answer 31

Synthesis of findings from multiple studies

Question 32

Whast key qualitative research methods?

Answer 32

Semi-Structured Interviews • Flexible but guided questioning • Allows in-depth exploration of participants' perspectives • Participant Observation • Researcher immerses in the setting • Observes behaviours and interactions in real time • Focus Groups • Group discussions moderated by a researcher • Encourages dynamic interaction and diverse viewpoints • Diaries • Participants record thoughts/experiences over time • Provides rich, personal insights

Question 33

Analytical approaches in qualitative research?

Answer 33

Content Analysis • Systematic coding and categorisation of text/data • Protocol Analysis • Examines thought processes by analysing verbalised reasoning • Grounded Theory • Data-driven approach; develops theories from observed patterns • Discourse Analysis • Studies language use in social and cultural contexts

Question 34

A researcher is examining whether our vocabulary changes as we age. 30 young adults and a separate 30 older adults are given a vocabulary test where the task is to give the meanings of different words. The number of correct responses are measured. Use this information to answer questions 1-4. 1) What is the independent variable a) Vocabulary b) Age c) Number of correct responses d) Age-related changes in vocabulary score

Answer 34

Age

Question 35

A researcher is examining whether our vocabulary changes as we age. 30 young adults and a separate 30 older adults are given a vocabulary test where the task is to give the meanings of different words. The number of correct responses are measured. Use this information to answer questions 1-4. 2) Which would be the most appropriate statistical test? a) Paired t-test b) Independent samples t-test c) Repeated measures ANOVA d) One-way ANOVA

Answer 35

Independent sample t-test

Question 36

A researcher is examining whether our vocabulary changes as we age. 30 young adults and a separate 30 older adults are given a vocabulary test where the task is to give the meanings of different words. The number of correct responses are measured. Use this information to answer questions 1-4. 3) How could you describe this experiment? a) True experiment b) Interrupted time-series design c) Longitudinal d) Cross-sectiona

Answer 36

D

Question 37

A researcher is examining whether our vocabulary changes as we age. 30 young adults and a separate 30 older adults are given a vocabulary test where the task is to give the meanings of different words. The number of correct responses are measured. Use this information to answer questions 1-4. 4) Which of the following is a confounding variable? a) The amount of education that each participant received wasn’t measured b) Some participants will have had more education than others c) The older adults have had more years of education than the young adults d) A person’s education has an effect on their vocabulary

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Dr Malik is examining whether memory is affected by the activity carried out between encoding and retrieval. 30 participants learnt lists of words, and then after 10 minutes had to recall as many as possible. During the 10 minutes participants did different types of tasks. Each participant took part in only one condition, and participants were randomly allocated to that condition. Dr Malik used a one-way ANOVA to analyse the data, and chose an alpha level of .05. 5) What type of design is this? a) Between subjects b) Within subjects c) Mixed d) Matched pairs

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Dr Malik is examining whether memory is affected by the activity carried out between encoding and retrieval. 30 participants learnt lists of words, and then after 10 minutes had to recall as many as possible. During the 10 minutes participants did different types of tasks. Each participant took part in only one condition, and participants were randomly allocated to that condition. Dr Malik used a one-way ANOVA to analyse the data, and chose an alpha level of .05. • 6) Is the assumption of homogeneity of variance met? a) yes b) no c) we need more information d) homogeneity of variance is not an issue for this type of analysis

Answer 39

A

Question 40

Dr Malik is examining whether memory is affected by the activity carried out between encoding and retrieval. 30 participants learnt lists of words, and then after 10 minutes had to recall as many as possible. During the 10 minutes participants did different types of tasks. Each participant took part in only one condition, and participants were randomly allocated to that condition. Dr Malik used a one-way ANOVA to analyse the data, and chose an alpha level of .05. • 7) What should Dr Malik do next? a) Apply a correction b) Use a non-parametric alternative c) Conduct post-hoc tests d) Report the results as they are

Answer 40

D

Question 41

Prof Li has run a repeated measures t-test. How should he write up the results in APA format? a) The paired t-test was non- significant; t(19) = 5.02, p < .001, d = 1.12 b) The paired t-test was non- significant; t = 5.01, p < .001, d = 1.12 c) The paired t-test was significant; t(19) = 5.02, p < .001, d = 1.12 d) The paired t-test was significant; t = 5.01, p < .001, d = 1.12

Answer 41

C

Question 42

Kate is stronger than Sandy, and Sandy is stronger than Alesha. What scale of measurement is this? a) Ratio scale b) Interval scale c) Ordinal or ranking scale d) Nominal scale

Answer 42

C

Question 43

10) If you have nominal data then what test can you use? a) t-test b) Wilcoxon c) Mann-Whitney d) Chi-squared

Answer 43

D

Question 44

• 11) When the data are measured on an ordinal scale then the appropriate statistic is a) Non-Parametric b) Parametric c) Chi-Squared d) None of the above

Answer 44

A

Question 45

12) What test will tell you that the assumption of equality of variance has been met for a independent t-test? • a) QQ plot • b) Shapiro-Wilk test • c) Levene’s test • d) Mauchley’s test

Answer 45

C

Question 46

13) A researcher reports a value of Cohen's d = 1.95, which is: a) A small effect b) A medium effect c) A large effect d) A mistake as d can not be larger than 1.0

Answer 46

C

Question 47

14) The following scores were measured on an interval scale. If the scores are converted to an ordinal scale (ranks), what values should be assigned to the two individuals who started with scores of X = 5? Scores: 1, 4, 5, 5, 8, 26, 30 a) one receives a rank of 3 and the other gets a rank of 4 b) both should receive a rank of 3 c) both should receive a rank of 3.5 d) both should receive a rank of 4

Answer 47

C

Question 48

15) A study investigated the reliability of IQ test scores. Subjects completed an IQ test on one day, and then a second version of the same test on the next day. The study yielded ratio data. Which test would you use to compare the two sets of data. a) Repeated measures t-test b) Independent groups t-test c) Mann-Whitney d) Wilcoxo

Answer 48

A

Question 49

16) A neuropsychological study compared the ability of apraxic patients in using common objects to perform everyday actions before and after having observed a model performing the same actions with the same objects. Their ability to do so was measured on an ordinal scale. What would be the appropriate statistical test? a) Independent groups t-test b) Wilcoxon c) Chi-square d) Mann-Whitney

Answer 49

B

Question 50

17) As part of a research project on factors promoting group leadership, a psychology graduate student joins a campus social club. This is an example of __________ research. a) naturalistic-observation b) case study c) archival d) participant-observer

Answer 50

D

Question 51

18) _______ is an iterative methodology for developing theory that is based on data systematically gathered and analyzed. a) Discourse analysis b) Grounded theory c) Theory deduction d) All of the above

Answer 51

B

Question 52

19) Semi –Structured interviews have an advantage over structured interviews in that they allow: a) To make it easier for untrained interviewers to carry out complex surveys. b) They allow a balance between control and allowing interviewee to re- define topic c) They give a clear distinction between participant and researcher d) none of the above

Answer 52

B