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Anatomy II: Exam 3 > L22-23: Brain Evolution & General Structure > Flashcards

L22-23: Brain Evolution & General Structure Flashcards

1
Q

list major components of diencephalon

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

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2
Q

components of epithalamus

A

pineal body
parapineal body
choroid plexus
habenulae

calcification accrues w/ maturity

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3
Q

habenular nuclei

A

emotional and visceral responses to odor

projects to septal nuclei in thalamus via stria medullaris thalami

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4
Q

pineal body

A

involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors

projects to septal nuclei

secretes melatonin

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5
Q

thalamus landmarks

A

separated from hypothalamus by hypothalamic sulcus

commissures:

  • -habenular - above pineal recess
  • -posterior - below pineal recess
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6
Q

functions of thalamus

A
  1. relays all sensory info except smell to cerebral cortex
  2. provides crude awareness
  3. initial ANS response to intense pain
  4. roles in arousal, alerting, complex reflex mvts
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7
Q

sensory relay nuclei in thalamus

A

medial geniculate body

  • -auditory
  • -projects to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

lateral geniculate body

  • -visual
  • -projects to primary visual cortex in occipital cortex
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8
Q

ventral posterior nuclei in thalamus

A

general sensations and taste

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9
Q

thalamus – motor relay nuclei

A

ventral lateral
–voluntary motor

ventral anterior
–voluntary motor, arousal

subthalamic

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10
Q

thalamus reticular nuclei

A

modify neuronal activity in the thalamus

may be involved in regulating sleep-wake cycle and level of awareness

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11
Q

thalamus – anterior nuclei

A

concerned w/ emotions and memory

receives input from:
hippocampus, mamillary bodies

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12
Q

thalamus - white matter

A

internal capsule
stratum zonale
external medullary lamina
internal medullary lamina

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13
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A
  1. controls/integrates ANS
  2. raise/lower bp and HR
  3. produce ACH, oxytocin
  4. rage, aggression
  5. norm body temp
  6. reg food intake
  7. sexual center
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14
Q

list nuclei of hypothalamus

A 
mammillary bodies
supraoptic nuclei
suprachiasmatic nuclei
ant nuclei
paraventricular med division
paraventricular interm magnocellular division
paraventricular lat div
medial preoptic area
tuberal level
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15
Q

mammillary bodies

A

involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional response to odors

relay stations for olfactory neurons to inf colliculi

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16
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

send projections that release neurohormones into capillaries in post pit

  • -oxytocin
  • -vasopressin
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17
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

above optic chiasma

master biologic clock

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18
Q

anterior nuclei of hypothalamus

A

caudal continuation of medial preoptic area

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19
Q

paraventricular medial division

A

secretes releasing or inhibiting hormone into portal system

  • -corticotropin releasing factor
  • -thyroxine releasing factor
  • -somatostatin
  • -dopamine
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20
Q

paraventricular intermediate magnocellular division

A

sends projections to the post pit that releases oxytocin and vasopressin

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21
Q

paraventricular lateral division

A

receives input from:
brainstem nuclei
hypothalamic nuclei
limbic system

projects to sympathetic structures

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22
Q

medial preoptic area

A

larger in males
cells that release gonadotropin releasing factors to portal sys

involved in temp reg

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23
Q

tuberal level

A

might be involved in feeding and pleasure

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24
Q

components of telencephalon

A

cerebrum
olfactory tract/bulbs
striatum
lamina terminalis

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25
define cerebrum
paired right and left hemispheres, each with a ventricle
26
define striatum
refers to collection of basal nuclei that develop in the floor of the telencephalon
27
lamina terminalis
original cephalic boundary of the neural tube separates the 2 lat ventricles
28
primitive roof of the telencephalon
= pallium lacks a cortex serves as primitive sensory and association area receives info from olfactory apparatus
29
what is a cortex?
consists of multiple layers of gray matter built from the bottom up sits on top pallium sulci and gyri increase surface area
30
neocortex divisions
``` frontal parietal temporal insula occipital ```
31
occipital lobe
integrates eye focusing mvts correlates visual images w/ visual memory involved in conscious perception of vision separated from parietal lobe by parietooccipital sulcus
32
parietal lobe
Somatesthetic interpretation --postcentral gyrus understanding speech - -auditory assoc cortex - -wernicke's area formulating words to express thoughts and emotions
33
frontal lobe
``` voluntary motor control --precentral gyrus motivation, aggression, mood, personality, cognitive processes verbal communication --broca's area ```
34
temporal lobe
receives/interprets olfactory and auditory senses responsible for storage of memory related to auditory/visual experiences
35
insula
not seen from surface memory psychic cortex --highest levels of brain function = abstract thought, judgement
36
internal capsule and corpus callosum
1. connects cortex w/ brainstem | 2. connects neocortex of 2 hemispheres
37
putamen
large subconscious mvts of skeletal muscles
38
globus pallidus
regulates muscle tone
39
globus pallidus + putamen = ?
lentiform nucleus
40
substantia nigra -- 2 divisions and characteristics
1. dorsal pars compacta - --melanin containing neurons - -- dopaminergic neurons 2. ventral pars reticularis - --iron containing glial cells - --serotonin and GABA
41
tracts in cerebral hemisphere
1. association - -confined to a given hemi - -connect regions of the same hemi 2. commissural - -interconnect the 2 hemi 3. projection tracts - -form internal capsule - -make up ascend/descending tracts - -connect hemi to other parts of brain and spinal cord
42
list association tracts
1. arcuate tracts 2. cingulum 3. sup longitudinal fasciculus 4. sup occipitofrontal fas 5. inf occipitofrontal fas 6. uncinate fasciculus
43
arcuate tracts
interconnect adjacent gyri
44
cingulum
connects frontal, parietal, temporal cortical areas on the medial side of each hemis
45
superior longitudinal fasciculus
interconnects areas w/in the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
46
superior occipitofrontal fasciculus
located in medial part of hemi under lat extension of corpus callosum interconnects the frontal lobe w/ post parts of hemi
47
inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
runs btwn occipital and frontal lobes in lat part of each hemi under insula
48
uncinate fasciculus
makes sharp bend about lat fissure interconnects orbital surface of frontal lobe w/ rostral part of temporal lobe
49
list commissural tracts
corpus callosum ant/post commissure hippocampal comm
50
corpus callosum
interconnects neocortical areas in all lobes unifies awareness and attention permits sharing of learning and memory
51
anterior and posterior commissures
ant -- interconnects areas w/in the 2 temporal lobes post -- connects cerebral hemi's w/ sup colliculi
52
hippocampal commissure
interconnects 2 hippocampal formations
53
list projection tracts
1. corticopetal | 2. corticofugal
54
corticopetal tract and corticofugal tract
from thalamus to cerebral cortex cerebral cortex to basal muclei and thalamus
55
thalamic radiation
corticothalamic fibers project cerebral cortex to thalamus thalamocortical fibers project from thalamus to cerebral cortex
56
corticopontine projections
fibers project to pontine nuclei in pons pontine nuclei projects to cerebellum
57
corticobulbar projections
motor cortex to cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem
58
corticospinal projections
motor cortex to cell groups throughout spinal cord
59
corticoreticular projections
motor and somatosensory cortex to brainstem reticular formations
60
fornix
major projection system btwn hippocampus in temporal lobe and diencephalon
61
optic radiation
= geniculocalcarine tract lat geniculate body toward calcarine fissure in occipital lobe
62
components of limbic system
``` amygdala hippocampus cingulate gyrus parahippocampus gyrus hypothalamus mamillary bodies ant nucleus of thalamus ```
63
limbic system -- functions
emotional and motivational aspects of behavior provides emotional component to learning especially amygdala associated w/ memory -- hippocampus pain, pleasure, rage
64
amygdala
large nuclear group in temporal lobe receives info from olfactory tract, limbic cortex, neocortex
65
amygdala regions
1. large basolateral region direct input to basal ganglia and motor sys 2. small corticomedial group of nuclei related to olfactory cortex 3. medial and central nuclei connected to hypothalamus
66
functions of amygdala
relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses feeding and drinking fighting behavior mating and maternal care response to physical and emotional stress
67
damage to hippocampus
memory loss | cells undergo Ca-induced changes associated w/ memory
68
kluver-bucy syndrome
results from bilateral destruction of amygdala ``` increased sexual activity compulsive tendency to place things in mouth decreased emotions changes in eating visual agnosia ```
69
future of the prosen-, mesen-, rhomben-cephalon
prosen future forebrain mesen future midbrain rhomben future hindbrain
70
major derivative of the myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
71
gray matter in the myelencephalon vs spinal cord
organized into nuclei interspersed among white fiber tracts is continuous located centrally surrounded by myelinated/white fiber tracts
72
brainstem composition
mix of long fiber pathways well organized nuclei network of cells forming reticular formation components: medulla, pons, midbrain
73
descending tracts in medulla
``` corticospinal spinal tract V med longitudinal fasiculus tectospinal rubrospinal ```
74
ascending tracts in medulla
``` med lemniscus spinothalamic tract Spinoreticular tract spinocerebellar tract cuneocerebellar tract ```
75
inferior olivary nuclei
receive input from most motor areas of brain and spinal cord functions: balance, coordination, sound impulse modulation
76
axons project to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere via ?
the olivocerebellar tract these axons signal the cerebellum when a mvt deviates from the planned mvt
77
medulla - vital reflex centers
cardiac center medullary rhythmicity center vasomotor center centers for coordination of head mvt and swallowing
78
medulla -- roof
sup medullary velum inf medullary velum post choroid plexus
79
Wallenberg's syndrome affects ?
``` spinothalamic tract spinal-trigeminal tract and nucleus CN IX and X reticular formation vestibular nuclei ```
80
Wallenberg's syndrome results in ?
loss of pain and temp on contralateral side difficulty swallowing weak voice loss of gag reflex
81
fiber tracts of the pons
transverse ---connects pons to cerebellum longitudinal - --sensory and motor - --connects spinal cord to upper brainstem - --goes thru pons w/o synapsing
82
what are the 2 longitudinal tracts that synapse in the pons?
1. corticopontine tracts synapse on pontine nuclei 2. corticobulbar tracts synapse w/ neurons in motor nucleus and facial nucleus
83
pons -- characteristics
CN 5,6,7,8 pontine nucleus ---relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum sleep and respiratory centers
84
lesion to lateral half of pons
affects: trigeminal n, med lemniscus, pontocerebellar fibers trigeminal n loss of sensation to face paralysis of mastication muscles medial lemniscus loss of joint sense on opposite side pontocerebellar fibers hypotonia, intention tremors, tendency to fall
85
bilateral lesions to ventral pons
caused by occlusion to basilar artery interrupts corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts results in quadriplegic, unable to speak but conscious
86
damage to midpons
extensive bilateral lesions involving pons and midbrain reticular formation coma --- state of sustained unconsciousness
87
midbrain nuclei
CN nuclei 3 and 4 red nucleus/nucleus ruber ---involved in unconscious regulation/coordination of motor function
88
midbrain -- tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
89
superior colliculi
visual reflexes projects to CN nuclei and superior cervical portion of spinal cord also involved in visual tracking of moving objects
90
inferior colliculi
auditory and olfactory reflexes
91
midbrain --- tegmentum
``` tracts red nucleus cerebral peduncles interpeduncular fossa substantia nigra oculomotor complex CN 4 nucleus ```
92
substantia nigra
interconnected w/ basal ganglia involved in coordinating mvt and muscle tone
93
oculomotor complex
nucleus of CN 3 Edinger-westphal nucleus ---parasym control of pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle
94
midbrain --- periaqueductal gray
gray matter surrounding cerebral aquaduct functions: - -pain suppression - -rxns to pain, threats, emotions - -activity results in flight or fight
95
midbrain -- decerbrate rigidity
transection of the midbrain at the midcollicular level ---causes decerebration/disconnection of cerebral control vestibular sys drives rigidity ``` patient is comatose UE extension forearm pronation flexed wrists LE extension plantar flexion ```
96
metencephalon -- cerebellum
controlled by motor cortex in hemispheres connected to brainstem by 3 pairs of large fiber tracts called peduncles 1. superior to midbrain 2. middle to cerebellum 3. inferior to medulla
97
functions of reticular formation
important for wakefulness damage may result in permanent coma receives input from cerebral cortex modulate sensation of pain postural reflexes control breathing and HR brain arousal

Anatomy II: Exam 3 (6 decks)

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