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General Ecology > L3: Life on Water > Flashcards

L3: Life on Water Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 major aquatic environments

A

Ocean
Shallow Marine Waters
Marine Shores
Transitional Environments
Rivers and Streams
Lakes

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2
Q

The 3 major oceans

A

Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean

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3
Q

The deepest part of the Mariana’s Trench and its depth

A

Challenger Deep
11,035 meters

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4
Q

The 6 horizontal zones of the ocean

A

Pelagic
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Hadalpelagic

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5
Q

The topmost horizontal layer of the ocean

A

Pelagic Zone

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6
Q

Region between high and low tidal marks in the pelagic zone of the ocean

A

Littoral or Intertidal Zone

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7
Q

Region from low tide mark and slopes gradually down

A

Neritic Zone

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8
Q

Region spanning from the lower neritic zone to the rest of the ocean floor

A

Oceanic Zone

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9
Q

Up to 200 meters, receives sunlight enough for photosynthesis

A

Epipelagic Zone
Euphotic Zone

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10
Q

Up to 1000 meters, receives not enough sunlight for photosynthesis

A

Mesopelagic Zone
Dysphotic Zone

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11
Q

Up to 4000 meters, does not receive sunlight

A

Bathypelagic Zone
Aphotic Zone

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12
Q

Up to 6000 meters deep

A

Abyssopelagic Zone
Aphotic Zone

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13
Q

Up to 10000 meters, the deepest parts of the ocean

A

Hadalpelagic Zone
Aphotic Zone

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14
Q

The 3 vertical zones of the ocean

A

Euphotic
Dysphotic
Aphotic

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15
Q

The temperature profile of the ocean where there is a transition between warmer and cooler water

A

Thermocline

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16
Q

Occurs when warm and cold waters mix through currents, winds, and tides

A

Thermal Stratification

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17
Q

Rotating oceanic currents affected by prevailing winds

A

Gyres

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18
Q

How many and what are the gyres in the northern hemisphere?

A

2 gyres
North Pacific Gyre
North Atlantic Gyre

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19
Q

How many and what are the gyres in the southern hemisphere?

A

3 gyres
South Pacific Gyre
South Atlantic Gyre
South Indian Ocean Gyre

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20
Q

Occurs when winds displace surface water, bringing cool water from deep parts of the ocean to the surface

A

Upwelling

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21
Q

How many phyla and endemic phyla are in the ocean?

A

28 phyla
13 endemic

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22
Q

Some species here have bioluminescent and chemosynthetic adaptations

A

Ocean

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23
Q

Human Influences:
- Whale killing
- Krill harvesting
- Overfishing
- Chemical pollution
- Garbage patches

A

Ocean

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24
Q

Aquatic environments divided into kelp forests and coral gardens

A

Shallow Marine Waters

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25
Q

Shallow Marine Waters:
Found near shores and along temperate regions

A

Kelp Forests

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26
Q

The 5 layers of a kelp forest

A

Canopy
Epiphytes
Water Column
Understory
Encrusting

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27
Q

The 4 structures of kelp

A

Blade
Air Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast

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28
Q

These have an ideal growth temperature of less than 10C

A

Kelp Forests

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29
Q

Shallow Marine Waters:
Located within 30 latitude and along tropical regions

A

Coral Gardens

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30
Q

The 3 categories of coral reefs (Charles Darwin)

A

Fringing
Barrier
Atoll

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31
Q

A category of reefs where growth is seawards from the shore

A

Fringing

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32
Q

A category of reefs where there is separation from shore by water, forming a lagoon

A

Barrier

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33
Q

A category of reefs where a circular area of water is surrounded by the reef

A

Atoll

34
Q

A reef zone which is the area between the shore and the highest point of the reefs

A

Reef Flat Zone

35
Q

A reef zone which is the highest point of the reefs

A

Reef Crest Zone
Algal Ridge

36
Q

A reef zone that extends deep with a formation of corals and stabilizes the reef

A

Buttress Zone

37
Q

These have an ideal growth temperature of 18-20C

A

Coral Gardens

38
Q

These are algae with a symbiotic relationship with corals

A

Zooxanthellae

39
Q

How much of Philippine corals are destroyed?

A

60%

40
Q

Occurs when corals are stressed or dying due to unfavorable temperature and salinity

A

Coral Bleaching

41
Q

Aquatic environments found in shorelines

A

Marine Shores
Intertidal Zones

42
Q

The 5 vertical zones of marine shores

A

Splash Zone
Upper Intertidal Zone
Middle Intertidal Zone
Lower Intertidal Zone
Subtidal Zone

43
Q

Term for tides that consist of one high and low tide per day

A

Diurnal Tides

44
Q

Term for tides that consist of two high and low tides per day

A

Semidiurnal Tides

45
Q

Term for tides that occur when the sun and moon are aligned in a straight line

A

Spring Tide

46
Q

Term for tides that occur when the sun and moon are aligned perpendicularly

A

Neap Tide

47
Q

The 3 zones in Marine Shores where there is a zonation of species

A

Splash Zone
Intertidal Zone
Low-Tide Zone

48
Q

Human Influence:
- Shell middens
- Shellfish harvesting
- Devastation of habitats
- Exploitation
- Oil spills

A

Marine Shores

49
Q

Aquatic environments where freshwater and saltwater meet

A

Transitional Environments

50
Q

Term used for water that is slightly salty due to the mixture of freshwater and saltwater

A

Brackish

51
Q

A transitional environment where rivers or streams meet the ocean

A

Estuaries

52
Q

A transitional environment constantly flooded and drained by saltwater brought in by tides

A

Salt Marshes

53
Q

A transitional environment that consists of trees that can tolerate saltwater

A

Mangrove Forests

54
Q

A transitional environment not connected to the ocean but found along the boundaries of freshwater sources and may be flooded or dry throughout the year

A

Freshwater Wetlands

55
Q

Examples of modern cities where there is urban development along transitional environments

A

New York City
Boston

56
Q

Aquatic environments found everywhere

A

Rivers and Streams

57
Q

An area where river networks drain

A

River Basin

58
Q

High points of land that separate river basins

A

Watershed

59
Q

A structure of rivers and streams where there is a transition to terrestrial environments

A

Riparian Zone

60
Q

A vertical zone of rivers and streams where there is an interaction between groundwater and channel water

A

Hyporheic Zone

61
Q

A structure of river used to determine its order

A

Stream Order

62
Q

This aquatic environment’s oxygen content is inversely correlated to temperature

A

Rivers and Streams

63
Q

The most diverse river basin in the world

A

Amazon River Basin
Over 2000 species

64
Q

A river once devastated by pollution, now restored

A

River Thames

65
Q

Aquatic environments found anywhere but concentrated in the north

A

Lakes

66
Q

A concentration of lakes found near each other

A

Lake Districts

67
Q

The largest lake district in the world

A

The Great Lakes

68
Q

The 5 lakes in The Great Lakes

A

Superior
Michigan
Huron
Erie
Ontario

69
Q

A horizontal zone of lakes found closer to land

A

Littoral Zone

70
Q

A horizontal zone of lakes found further from land

A

Limnetic Zone

71
Q

A vertical zone of lakes with the highest sunlight and warmer water

A

Epilimnion

72
Q

A vertical zone of lakes with factors changing rapidly with depth

A

Metalimnion

73
Q

A vertical zone of lakes with cold, dark water

A

Hypolimnion

74
Q

A lake color with high nutrients and primary production and often shallow

A

Deep Green

75
Q

A lake color with acidic water caused by forest soils leaching

A

Yellow-Brown

76
Q

A lake color with low nutrients and biological activities and often deep

A

Blue

77
Q

What are the water movements in lakes?

A

Spring & Fall: Whole
Summer: Isolated
Winter: None, top water frozen

78
Q

Term used for young lakes with little to no landfill, low bio production, and high oxygen content

A

Oligotrophic

79
Q

Term used for middle-aged lakes with moderate landfill

A

Mesotrophic

80
Q

Term used for old lakes with significant landfill, high bio production, and low oxygen content

A

Eutrophic

81
Q

Occurs due to biological activity being inversely correlated to oxygen content

A

Eutrophication

General Ecology (13 decks)

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