L3.1: Major Learning Theories Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

Refers to a discipline of psychology that attempts to explain how an organism learns (“organism” can refer to humans or animals)

Learning theory

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What major learning theory defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience or practice?

Behavioral Theory

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This is any change in environment that causes the organism to react

Stimulus

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This is how the organism reacts to a stimulus (results in behavioral change)

Response

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Behavioral theory is also known as?

Behaviorism or Behavioral psychology

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T or F: Behavioral theory is concerned with abstract and internal responses

False (must be observable and measurable; there is no processing in the brain to be observed)

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This is what you call when all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment

Conditioning

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In 1913, he started the Behaviorist Movement in his article, “Psychology, as the Behaviorist Views It”

John Watson

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Who is the main proponent of the classical conditioning theory?

Pavlov

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This conditioning theory occurs when a formerly neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a reflexive response

Classical conditioning theory by Pavlov

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This is an entity that triggers an automatic response

Unconditioned stimulus

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Refers to what happens when the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to unlearning

Extinction

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Who is the main proponent of the operant conditioning theory?

Skinner

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This conditioning theory forms an association between a behavior and a consequence

Operant conditioning theory by Skinner

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The operant conditioning theory is also known as?

Response-stimulus or RS conditioning

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In the operant conditioning theory, this is an action that results to consequences

Operant behavior

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What is the main difference between the classical and operant conditioning theories?

Operant requires action on the part of the learner, compared to the classical method of manually delivering the stimulus

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This is an action that strengthens a behavior

Reinforcement

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This type of reinforcement refers to when a desirable stimulus is added to strengthen behavior

Positive reinforcement

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This type of reinforcement refers to when an undesirable stimulus is removed to strengthen behavior

Negative reinforcement

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This refers to an action done on an unpleasant consequence to weaken behavior

Punishment

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This type of punishment is when an unfavorable consequence is given in order to weaken the undesired behavior

Positive punishment

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This type of punishment is when a favorable outcome is removed after an undesired behavior occurs

Negative punishment

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This type of reinforcement is the best kind according to Skinner

Positive reinforcement

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Who is the main proponent of the contiguity theory?

Guthrie

This is synonymous to the word "contiguity"

Nearby

This theory states that stimuli and response bonds are strengthened because they occur together

Contiguity theory by Guthrie

Behaviorists claim that the behavioral theories are capable of explaining only simple or complex behavior?

Simple; not much processing of intellectual information is involved

This is a study of how the brain works in the process of perception, thinking, remembering, and learning

Cognitive science

Cognitive science is also known as?

Information processing

This theory refers to learning based on mental processes by which learners take in, interpret, store, and receive information

Cognitive Learning Theories

This theory explains how new information is included into existing thoughts and memory structures; it connects new skills or ideas into larger a scope of past experiences

Subsumption theory of meaningful verbal learning by Ausubel

Who is the main proponent of the subsumption theory of meaningful verbal learning?

Ausubel

This word is synonymous to include, add, combine, etc.

Subsume

Type of subsumption: - new information is an example of an already learned concept

Derivative subsumption

Type of subsumption: - a higher-level concept of thinking

Correlative subsumption

Type of subsumption: - did not know the concept until it was taught

Superordinate subsumption

Type of subsumption: - newly acquired knowledge combines with prior knowledge to enrich understanding of both

Combinatorial learning

Who is the main proponent of the concept of schema/schemata?

Rumelhart

These are knowledge structures that are stored in memory

Schema (sing.) or Schemata (plu.)

This concept states that all knowledge can be packaged into small units with information and states that knowledge manipulation (how to use the knowledge in memory recollection) is also present

Concept of schema/schemata

Process of learning of facts; new information is learned and added to existing schema

Accretion

Refers to when existing schemata evolve or get refined as new information is added

Tuning (schema evolution)

Refers to the development of new schemata by copying an old one and adding new elements to warrant new schemata

Restructuring (schema creation)

This theory was created in 1972 where it states that information is processed sequentially: perception → attention → labelling → meaning; the greater the processing of information, the more it will be retained and remembered

Levels of processing theory by Craik and Lockhart

Who were the main proponents of the levels of processing theory?

Craik & Lockhart

This is essential for memory encoding and how much information will be recalled

Attention

This type of processing has 2 subcategories called structural and phonemic processing

Shallow

This type of processing has a subcategory called semantic processing

Deep

This type of shallow processing focuses on what "looks like"

Structural processing

This type of shallow processing focuses on what "sounds like"

Phonemic processing

This type of deep processing deals with how the meaning of a word is related to similar words with similar meaning; involves elaboration rehearsal

Semantic processing

The following activities fall under what term? - translation of questions into simpler words - DIY study questions and reviewers - use of images for assistance - use of mnemonics

Elaboration rehearsal

This model explains how information is processed by different parts of the memory system simultaneously

Parallel distributing model

This model explains how information is stored in many places forming a network of connections in the brain

Connectionistic model

This theory is the most commonly heard/known about and it occurs in three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Stage theory

This type of memory is short-lived and passing

Sensory memory

This type of memory is aka working memory; lasts around 15-30 seconds unless repeated; may be retained indefinitely if it is meaningful or practiced

Short-term memory

This process is when information is clustered into patterns reducing long strings of information into shorter manageable chunks; helps STM go into LTM

Chunking

This major concept of STM sees chunking as a related issue when grouping pieces of ideas into one unit

Organization

This major concept of STM is aka rote rehearsal; it is used to try to “learn” something; until information is processed into LTM, it is not learning

Repetition

This type of memory states that information stays longer because it is attached into existing schema (duration is not permanent unless recalled frequently)

Long-term memory

A process of LTM that connects information to be learned with what is already known

Elaboration

Type of elaboration: - providing multiple examples

Elaboration of processing

Type of elaboration: - asking the “why” questions

Elaboration of interrogation

Type of elaboration: - an example would be how mnemonics can lead to varied encoding techniques

Elaborative rehearsal

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - creation of mental pictures

Imaging

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - ideas to be remembered are related to objects located in a familiar location

Method of loci

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - things to be remembered are connected to specific words (e.g one-bun, two-shoes)

Pegword method

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - information to be remembered is arranged in a phonetically-similar sounding manner

Rhyming (songs and phrases)

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - first letter of each word is used to make a sentence

Initial letter

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - combination of letters with each letter acting as a cue you need to remember

Acronym

Type of elaborative rehearsal: - invented sentence where the first letter of each word represents a cue word

Acrostic

This is aka periodic review

Distributed practice

Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration? - process to STM

Attention

Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration? - maintain in STM

Repetition

Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration? - process to LTM

Elaboration

This theory suggests how an individual learns through observation and imitation of others

Social learning theory by Bandura and Wallace

Who were the main proponents of the social learning theory?

Bandura and Wallace

This is learning through constant interaction with the environment and other people

Modeling

This helps in determining which modeled behaviors will be learned

Attentional processes

This is the ability to retain modeled behaviors in permanent memory

Retention process

Whose definition of learning is this? - acquisition of knowledge and skills that change a person’s behavior

Behaviorists

Whose definition of learning is this? - acquisition of knowledge is more favorable than behavioral change

Cognitive theorists

Whose definition of learning is this? - process where novices become experts

Breur

This refers to: - thinking about one’s thinking - awareness and understanding of one’s thinking and cognitive processes - learners gauge their thinking while trying to learn at the same time

Metacognition

This is the ability to store facts which can be utilized in the future

Consolidation

This is when memories cannot be retrieved due to weakened connections/networks

Forgetting

This key factor determines whether something will be remembered or forgotten

Intent to learn

Less than 2 weeks after meaningless material was learned, 90% of the information has been forgotten, what is being referred to here?

Retention or forgetting curve

This is the ability to take information learned from one area and apply it to another

Transfer

This type of learning is when present learning is enhanced or accelerated by past learning

Positive learning

This type of learning is when past learning interferes with present learning

Negative learning

L3.1: Major Learning Theories Flashcards

(93 cards)