L4 - Cognition

Question 1

In which two parts is cognition divided (concerning interaction design)?

Answer 1

• experiential cognition

- reflective cognition

Question 2

Experiential cognition

Answer 2

• intuitive, effortless
  -> fast thinking (essential for life -> unconscious (no voluntary control)
  (needs some expertise and engagement)

Question 3

Reflective cognition

Answer 3

• mental effort, attention, judgement and decision-making
  -> slow thinking; more logical and demanding (requires concentration)
  (learning something, deliberative activities)
  -> creates new ideas and enforces creativity

Question 4

Attention and the brain: Multitasking, goal, …?

Answer 4

• try to direct attention to goal
• limited resource for conscious attention (mulitasking limited)
• > also dependent of amount of thinking loops that are involved and if channels overlap
• > switching takes enegry

Question 5

Design and multitasking - what is to be considered?

Answer 5

• > nowadays designer need to expect that user multitasks
• object need to be designed for that (no overload, allow for cluttering, support effective switching and returning to particular interface)

Question 6

Change blindness

Answer 6

missing out major changes in the environment by focussing on specific action in it (eye repceptor picks everything up but brain does not locate any attention to it)

Question 7

If ___ cannot pick it up it does not exists for human

Answer 7

sense (interface between brain and world)

Question 8

Proprioception

Answer 8

• where the body is in space
• unconscious
• > possibility to disrupt it

Question 9

Interoception

Answer 9

• inside the body (ex. heart-beat)

- > never aware of it until it is brought to attention

Question 10

Human are ___ centered

Answer 10

vision

Question 11

What are the 5 senses (interface between body and brain)

Answer 11

• vision
• touch
• hearing
• smell
• taste
• > all of them need to be taken into account by designing something

Question 12

What are the gestalt principles?

Answer 12

shows the way the human brain organizes/structures things (showing human tendence to pattern things)

Question 13

• What are the differnt components of the gestalt principles?

Answer 13

1. closure (filling missing parts of a shape)
2. proximity (grouping objecs that are close together -> see them as one thing)
3. continuation (tend to see where things go even though its not actually shown)
4. similarity
5. figure and ground (something can be perceived as two different things)

Question 14

Basic idea of what causes sickness in VR?

Answer 14

contradiciton between vision and other senses

Question 15

How does memory work (brief conceptual functioning)

Answer 15

attend to bits -> get into short-term memroy (has about seven places for bits (grouped or singular ones) -> selection (thereby rehearsal of bits to keep them present) -> makes it to long-term memory (consolidation)

Question 16

recogniton ___ recall (what does that mean?)

Answer 16

-> over
meaning; knowledge is available but needs a propmt in order to be found quicker (human are better in recognizing than recalling)
-> dependent on the context of coding; things in different context than the one which is currently present can result in recall problems

Question 17

What are the two kinds of learning?

Answer 17

• incidental kind of learning

- intentional learning

Question 18

incidental kind of learning

Answer 18

no intention to learn -> subconscious

Question 19

intentional learning (and a trick to help that one)

Answer 19

goal oriented (goal to remember things)

• > try to consciously place something in memory
• > interaction (collaboration) helps to learn (online learning & multimedia, cooperative learning, VR -> allowing to manipulate interface directly to let user actively explore)

Question 20

Reading, speaking and listening, …

Answer 20

• cognitive wise relatively easy (just reflective)
• communication via language
• speaking takes some effort
  listening takes less effort -> but more time
  -> design towards favourite input way of human (minimize lenght, put in intonation (in artificial speech), allow for different text sizes)

Question 21

problem solving, planning, reasoning, decision making, …

Answer 21

• requires higher level of cognition
• considering consequences
• > HCI can help in doing so (design routes, …) -> help pages, memorable functions, …

Question 22

What is the essence behind the fact that human are not rational?

Answer 22

people might act differently as expected

Question 23

Pro and con about rewards

Answer 23

• > human like rewards (convince them to engage)

- > human just engage to get reward

Question 24

Steps of the information processing model (conceptualizing how the mind works)

Answer 24

1. input/stimuli
2. encoding (thinking about what to do)
3. comparison (what options there are)
4. response selection (what the consequences of an action are)
5. response execution
6. output/response
   - > information enters and exists the mind trough series of ordered processing stages)
   - > predicting which processes are involved when a user interacts with a computer

Question 25

In which parts of life does cognition take place (even though these are rarely seperated in real life)?

Answer 25

- attention - perception - memory - learning - reading, speaking and listening - problem solving, decision making

Question 26

Why does VR work? (basic sense: brain VR)

Answer 26

brain tends to regard visual information as true

Question 27

VR is a spectrum: What are its parts?

Answer 27

- > mixed reality (real and virtual) - > augmented reality - > when virtual and real reality are strongly mixed, thats hybrid reality

Question 28

Immersion

Answer 28

is about how realistic the presented stimuli are (VR higher related to real wordl -> more immersive)

Question 29

Presence (place illusion and social presence)

Answer 29

is about how the stimuli feels to the individual 1. feeling to be in virtual space (telepresence) 2. social presence (another agent is with you in space)

Question 30

Uncanny Valley

Answer 30

the similar, the better, up to a treshold -> if two similar it starts to come across weirdly

Question 31

Embodiment Illusion

Answer 31

- > how much embodiment is felt - > shows how flexible body boundries are (able to except different body features in VR as long as they work as expected)

Question 32

HCI cares about ___ intelligent system that is ____ with everything else

Answer 32

1. one | 2. interacting

Question 33

Where does the focus of interaction design lay on? (in terms of aiding people in daily life)

Answer 33

developing cognitive aids that help people to remember - > opposite direction; help people to forget certain memories - > reduce cognitive load, recognition rather than recall, providing variety of ways

Question 34

How do constrains help within a design?

Answer 34

give guidance on what to select (help to select appropriate actions)

Question 35

Mental model (cognitive frameworks)

Answer 35

the more someone learns about a product and its functions, the more their mental model develops -> used for reasoning - > design can help to create good mental model by being transparent (intuitive interface) - > explain user interaction, inform design and predictt user performance

Question 36

And what attributes does cognition have (d. and ex.?)?

Answer 36

- > distributed: a collection of individuals and artifacts and their relations to each other in a particular work practice - > external: externalizing to reduce memory load, techology can easily be designed for being a help with that (reminding) -> helps annotating and cognitive tracing

Question 37

And what attributes does cognition have (s. and em.?)?

Answer 37

- > situated: all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts - > embodied: experience of moving, enables to develop sense of world (concrete/abstract), also think with out bodies

Question 38

Why does human computer interaction become more and more important?

Answer 38

-> mind is less and less in our head; human brains primed to seek and consummate intimate relations with nonbiological resources (buying a new phone is like an "mindware upgrade")

Question 39

How can virtual environment be defined?

Answer 39

environments in which images and interaction abilitites are improved trough special processing of nonvisual display modalitites helpful: thinking of online classroom -> environment where teacher and students interact together -> working together online -> offering engagement opportunitites

Question 40

Definition of virtual reality (in its 2 parts)

Answer 40

``` virtual = being in essence or effect, but not in fact reality = state or quality of being real (a place that exists and can be experienced) ```

Question 41

What are the 4 key elements of VR (+ brief explanation)

Answer 41

1. Virtual world: describes collection of objects in space and rules and relationships governing those objects 2. Immersion: sensation of being in an environment 3. sensory feedback: computer as mediating device; imaging ourselves within the world presented through the medium 4. interactivity

Question 42

What is HMD?

Answer 42

= head-mounted display | -> tracking sensor (to capture head movements) -> tells computer where participant is looking to