L6 - Task Analysis, Design principles and Prototyping

Question 1

What are components of a successful design?

Answer 1

• identify users expectations/ideals and needs/constraints
• effective planning
• steps&safety nets approach
• iteratively test and refine (plan a lot of time for this)

Question 2

What is understood under the Sequential development life cycle (SDLC)?

Answer 2

• describes different stages (performing different stages) -> one serving as key for the next (they do not interupt each other)
• > to develop and plan a project
• > these models are never seen in linear fashion

Question 3

Name the steps of the waterfall model (an SDLC model):

Answer 3

1. feasibility (= Durchführbarkeit)
2. plan
3. design
4. build
5. test
6. production
7. support

Question 4

How is the Addie model described (an SDLC model)?

Answer 4

Addie; for Analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation

• > each stage being done at a given order with focus on reflection and iteration (used in a cyclic manner)
• > evaluates each stage

Question 5

How is the double diamond model described (an SDLC model)?

Answer 5

• > discover and define first (clearly stated)
• > meaning; find everything that has been done so far (research) -> narrowing down the problem to specific problem definition
• > then develop and deliver
• > meaning; architecture and idea generation -> prototyping and testing
  generally: from design the right thing to design things right

Question 6

How is the Agile model described (an SDLC model)?

Answer 6

-> iterative and incremental
-> flexibility (allowing for frequent change) and constant output (making collaboration between designer and client easier -> work together until end of project)
-> communication is key
-> model identifies discrete modular tasks and deliverables wich are tackeld in short prints and tetsed
(one sprint: review, test, build, plan)

Question 7

Key difference between the waterfall and agile model?

Answer 7

• > the agile model delivers troughout the process (chance to fail at beginning high)
• > the waterfall model jsut delivers in the final end (all the risk at the end)

Question 8

Basic understanding of user centered design (UCD)?

Answer 8

• > concerning users point of the view from the beginning and througout
• > keeping view on user´s reality -> users often find a way to cheat the systems (finding the easiest way to use the apllication)

Question 9

How is the user centered design cycle described?

Answer 9

1. project starts
2. user research and analysis (identifying target user properly) -> getting into users head
3. concept design (low fidelity) -> what should people do with the product and how (understanding of how to interact)? -> identifying known analogies for user
4. user testing prototypes; seeing if usage is as intended, mistakes, unclear parts -> task analysis
5. detail design (mid- to high fidelity)
6. measure and develop
7. deliver
8. might start all over (cyclic behaviour)

Question 10

What are two methods to map your users (+ brief description of these)?

Answer 10

1. mindmap: user research as input, structure knowledge (linking)
2. persona: fictional summary of user, like a profile, checking if design fits that group

Question 11

How does the creative process go?

Answer 11

1. define; problem defintion
2. create: diverge, as many ideas as possible
3. decide: converge, choose best alternatives
   - > smaller versions before project starts

Question 12

Interface metaphors and analogies

Answer 12

• > combining familiar knowledge with new one
• > make it understanable
• > good interaction = good communication

Question 13

5 interaction types?

Answer 13

instructing, conversing, manipulating, exploring and responding

Question 14

What does the concrete design imply?

Answer 14

defining the functions the product will perform and define how different functions are related to each other (what information is needed)
-> defining user range

Question 15

Graphic/visual design (user centred experience)

Answer 15

look, what it conveys, its theme and visual narrative

Question 16

information architecture/design (user centred experience)

Answer 16

its organisation, allowed choices

Question 17

UI design (user centred experience)

Answer 17

how it shows it interactions possibilities

Question 18

interaction design (user centred experience)

Answer 18

how it works while interacting

Question 19

web/platform design (user centred experience)

Answer 19

how it works in browsers/platforms

Question 20

UX design (user centred experience)

Answer 20

experience of design

Question 21

development (user centred experience)

Answer 21

how it functions

Question 22

story boards (user centred experience)

Answer 22

• drawing all implications
• show what´s needed on development side
• sample scenario (product usage)
• > simple
• > animations, transitions and feedback
• > conveys key visual elements/experience

Question 23

service blueprint (user centred experience)

Answer 23

extensive display of each stage and it happenings of a poject

Question 24

Which three stages does prototyping have? (+ brief defintion of prototyping)

Answer 24

1. low-, 2. medium- and 3. high fidelity prototyping
   -> all of them should be considered at the different stages
   = concrete manifestation of an idea, allowing designer to communicate their ideas and user to try them out -> encourages reflection in design

Question 25

Low fidelity prototyping

Answer 25

- interactions but no aesthetics - simple, quick - just simple functions

Question 26

Mid-fidelity prototyping

Answer 26

- all interactions, no aesthetics | - > all practicalities

Question 27

High-fidelity prototyping

Answer 27

- aesthetics and interaction - > full functionality - > user should treat it as real product (honest feedback needed)

Question 28

what are wireframes?

Answer 28

placeholders; for things you expect to see (links should be tested) -> architecture and layout

Question 29

detail design

Answer 29

- cycling within the different fidelity types | - > going from one to next prototype stage and designing for alternatives until one is satisfied with it

Question 30

GOMS (task analysis) | -> basic model description

Answer 30

* in define stage of double diamond design Goals, Operators, Methods and selection rules -> processor-based model of the user (input-actions-ouput (observable))

Question 31

GOMS: Goals

Answer 31

- identifying broad goal and subdivide in individual goals 1. user needs to find information of what to do (gather/locate them -> signififers needed) 2. input the answer (do action) 3. actual movement 4. identifying task if necessary (go on)

Question 32

GOMS: Methods

Answer 32

methods to achieve the goal (several ones possible) | -> check with method user prefers

Question 33

GOMS: Operators

Answer 33

defining how user move within device, decide on needed operators for that -> therfore, breaking down the porblem to identify these

Question 34

GOMS: selection rules

Answer 34

- > choosing the methods | - minimise travel, agency and presence, motivation and engagement (rules that help selection)

Question 35

Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) | -> basic model description

Answer 35

describes the processes going on in the inside (considering the mental model -> how user performs a task) -> memory, attention and cognitive load

Question 36

How does the CTA work? | -> how to get these information?

Answer 36

- > considering which types of information are needed - knowledge of the field - knowledge representation - identifying user actions - how to handle interruptions in the thought process (back-naviagtion) - > evaluated by "think loud" experiment with user (describing their thought while usage)

Question 37

How do GOMS and CTA relate?

Answer 37

- > both coming from different side and meet in the middle - > both should be used (switched between) - > looking at observable (GOOMS) and internal (CTA) simultanously

Question 38

What are external constraints -> user constraints?

Answer 38

- pre-technology-experience of user - cultral backgrounds (cultural differences) - disabilities + individual risk factors (illness, postural differences, ...) - context of use (supervised or not?)

Question 39

Interface types in the context of object design

Answer 39

- > appropriate inteface type should be chosen (dependend on context) - > depends on type of reality which is used (virtual, augmented or mixed)

Question 40

Which compromises need to be made by prototyping?

Answer 40

1. breadth vs depth functionality: little detail - wide range vs. lot of details - few functions 2. robustness vs degree of changeability

Question 41

What is the key question while doing HCI?

Answer 41

-> what are the most significant societal challenges accross the world -> what role can computer science and design play in addressing those?