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Biology 2: understanding health > L4: non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

L4: non-communicable diseases Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of the white blood cells

A

Defence against disease/infection

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2
Q

What two substances does the blood transport to cells that are needed for respiration

A

Oxygen and glucose

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3
Q

If a substance turns universal indicator blue what is it

A

Alkali

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4
Q

What are the arteries that supply the heart with blood called

A

Coronary arteries

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5
Q

What is the longest bone in the body

A

Femur (thigh bone)

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6
Q

What do we call the pair that muscles work in

A

Antagonistic pairs

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7
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint

A

Hinge

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8
Q

What force stops a boat from sinking

A

Upthrust

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9
Q

Where do new medicines come from

A

Nature, chemicals, genetic engineering

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10
Q

What is a candidate in medicine

A

Substances that might have the potential to become a new medicine

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11
Q

What is the timeline and development stages for a pharmaceutical product

A

The stages it takes to make a new medicine

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12
Q

What is the drug discovery?

A

This is where there is 5-10 000 candidates for a new medicine

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13
Q

What is the preclinical testing?

A

This is where there is 10-20 candidates for a new medicine

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14
Q

What is phase 1 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 5 to 10 candidates for a new medicine

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15
Q

What is phase 2 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 2 to 5 candidates for a new medicine

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16
Q

What is phase 3 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 1 to 2 candidates for a new medicine

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17
Q

What is the licensing approval

A

Where there is 1 medicine

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18
Q

How can the search for new medicines start (first step of preclinical trials)

A

Can start with natural chemicals like plant extracts, genes, or antibodies

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19
Q

What is the second step to preclinical trials

A

Thousands of new chemicals can be modelled by computer and made in small quantities

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20
Q

What is the third step to preclinical trials

A

Whatever the source, potential treatments are mass screened against target proteins to see if effective

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21
Q

What is the last step to preclinical trials

A

Potential treatments that show promise may then go on to be tested in animals

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22
Q

What steps are in the preclinical trials?

A

Basic research, computer modelling, In vitro, animal research, safety testing

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23
Q

What is in vitro

A

Tests that can detect disease, conditions, infections

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24
Q

What steps are in the clinical trials

A

Testing on healthy people, testing on patients, randomised clinical trials, licencing, prescription

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25
What is efficacy
How effective the medicine is
26
What is toxicity
How toxic or dangerous the drug is
27
What is dose
The amount of drug has to be taken so drug work and have least side-effects
28
What is preclinical trials
Drug-testing done in lab on cells, tissues & animals
29
What is clinical trials
Drug trials done on healthy volunteers and patients
30
What is a drug trial
Testing medicine on volunteer sometimes placebo used
31
What is a placebo
Fake drug so it shouldn't have an effect
32
What is short for non-communicable diseases
NCDs
33
What are non-communciable diseases also known as
Chronic diseases
34
Do NCDs last for a long time (usually)
Yes
35
What are NCDs caused by
A combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioual factors
36
What does NCDs literally mean
Diseases you can't catch from another person
37
Name 4 NCDs you can have
Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes
37
What are deaths under the age of 70 classified as
Premature deaths
38
What is an example of a chronic respiratory disease
Asthma
39
What does the narrowed airway do from asthma
Makes it difficult to breathe
40
What are inhalers used for
Relax the muscles around the airway, opens them up, makes breathing easier
41
Why does damage to the alveoli cause problems
It will lead to the accumulation of harmful chemicals like co2. The body doesn't have enough oxygen to function, because gas exchanged can't be done
42
What is short for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD
43
What does COPD do
44
What does emphysema do
45
What is short for cardiovascular disease
CVD
46
What is CVD a general term for
Conditions affecting the heart of blood vessels
47
What is CVD usually associated with
Atherosclerosis and an increased risk of blood clots
48
What is Atherosclerosis
Build up of fatty deposits inside the arteries
49
What can CVD also be associated with
Damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes
50
what is CVD one of the main causes of in the uk
Death and disability
51
Can CVD be prevented
It can often largely be stopped by leading a healthy lifestyle
52
What do we call the balancing of our internal environment
Homeostatis
53
What do our enzymes do
Control all of the reactions in our cells
54
Why do we need homeostatis
Enzymes are very particular about stuff like temp and pH
55
What is one thing that needs to be controlled in our body
The amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood
56
What does our pancreas do
Releases a hormone (insulin) which lowers the blood sugar level when it gets too high
57
What is a hormone
A chemical
58
How does diabetes happen
When the pancreas' function goes wrong
59
Is type 1 diabetes preventable
No
60
Is the treatment for type 1 diabetes good
Yes
61
In type 1 diabetes what do our immune cells do
Kills of the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
62
What is the problem with the insulin in type 1 diabetes
There is not enough to control the sugar in the blood
63
How is the lack of insulin treated
Insulin injections
64
How common is type 2 diabetes
The most common diabetes (90% of cases)
65
How preventable is type 2 diabetes
The most preventable diabetes
66
List 3 ways to prevent type 2 diabetes
Exercise for at least 2.5hrs a week, maintain healthy weight, don't smoke
67
What do cells need to do to grow
They need to divide to rep,sce themselves (repair)
68
How controlled is the process of dividing cells
Tightly controlled
69
What happens when the cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way
Cancer is caused
70
How common is cancer
1 in 2 people will get it at some point in their lives
71
How many types of cancer are there
More than 200
72
How many will survive cancer
Most people
73
What is the probability of cases that can be prevented in the UK
4 in 10
74
What is the largest preventable cause of cancer in the uk
Smoking
75
How can skin cancer be easily cured
If caught early
76
Name 4 behaviours we can change that will help reduce the risk of NCDs
Don't smoke and avoid second-hand smoke, reduce salt intake, reduce/avoid alcohol, get plenty of physical activity
77
Name 4 metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs
Raised blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia
78
What is hyperglycemia
High blood glucose levels
79
What is hyperlipidemia
High levels of fat in the blood
80
How much of diabetes and heart disease can be cured today
80%
81
How much of cancers are preventable
one third
82
Where do the most effective strategies for reducing the burden of NCDs lie
Outside the health system

Biology 2: understanding health (11 decks)

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