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Tissue Pathology > L5- Lung pathology > Flashcards

L5- Lung pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the lung easily susceptible to disease and inhalation of xenobiotics?

A

• It is exposed and easy to infiltrate due to the barrier being only a single layer of epithelial cells in the alveoli

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2
Q

What is restrictive and obstructive lung disease?

A
  • Restrictive- Difficulty fully expanding their lungs e.g pulmonary fibrosis
  • Obstructive- Difficulty exhaling all the air from lungs e.g COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis
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3
Q

What is the lung function test?

A

Spirometry

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4
Q

What is the peak expiratory flow rate?

A

Measures how fast you can exhale

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5
Q

What is the forced vital capacity?

A

Total volume of air you can exhale after taking the deepest breath you can

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6
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume in one second?

A

Volume of air you can forcefully exhale during the first second of the FVC test

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7
Q

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases?

A
  • FEV1 only decreased in obstructive diseases

* FVC decreased in both obstructive and restrictive

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8
Q

What are the general features of restrictive lung diseases?

A
  • Decreased lung volume- increased work of breathing and inadequate ventilation
  • Hypoxia and cardiac failure
  • Acute and chronic disease
  • Alveolar-capillary interface is site of injury
  • Lung tissue gradually replaced by scar tissue which causes fibrosis (stiffening)
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9
Q

What are early and last stages of restrictive lung diseases?

A
  • Early- alveolitis, injury with inflammatory cell infiltration
  • Late- fibrosis
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10
Q

What are the intrinsic causes of restrictive lung diseases?

A
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Asbestosis
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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11
Q

What are idiopathic (unknown) causes of restrictive lung diseases?

A
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

* Sarcoidosis

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12
Q

What are extrinsic causes of restrictive lung diseases?

A

Neuromuscular diseases

Non muscular diseases of the chest wall

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13
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • Diffuse capillary leak resulting in oedema
  • Associated with many clinical conditions e.g direct injury to lung- pneumonia, indirect lung injury- sepsis
  • Major event always precedes
  • Following short delay patient gets respiratory failure
  • Diffuse alveolar damage
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14
Q

What is therapy for ARDs?

A
  • Ventilator support

* Correction of primary event that induced ARDs

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15
Q

What causes infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • Immature lungs of premature infants have underdeveloped parenchyma and a lack of surfactant
  • Causes alveoli to collapse
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16
Q

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A
  • Due to inhalation of many antigens (mostly occupational settings like farmers)
  • Granuloma forms due to build up of immune cells
17
Q

What is abestosis?

A
  • Chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibres
  • Prolonged exposure causes scarring and shortness of breath
  • Forms ferruginous body
18
Q

What is asbestos?

A
  • Natural mineral product that is resistant to heat and corrosion
  • Used extensively in past products like insulation and cement
19
Q

What is sarcidosis?

A
  • Characterised by an immune response at sites of disease activity and by the presence of non caseating granulomas
  • Affects other organs
  • Dry cough
  • Agents suggested to be involved at herpes/retrovirus, clay, aluminium, talc
20
Q

What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A
  • Causes progressive scarring (fibrosis) of lungs
  • Lungs become stiffer and lose elasticity
  • Less able to inflate and less oxygen taken in
  • Progressive with exacerbations
21
Q

What is COPD?

A
  • Obstructive lung disease
  • Set of conditions that limit airflow, not fully reversible
  • Chronic bronchitis, emphysema
  • FEV1, FVC reduced
  • Narrowed airways cause increased resistance
22
Q

What is the basis of obstruction?

A
  • Muscle spasm
  • Mucosal oedema
  • Airway collapse
  • Inflammation of lungs driven by smoking and pollution
23
Q

What are the two major underlying pathologies in COPD patients?

A
  • Chronic bronchitis- chronic inflammation and excess mucus production, cough
  • Emphysema- damage to alveolar units of the lung that deliver oxygen into the lung and remove CO2, cough
24
Q

What are the classic symptoms of emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Chronic bronchitis- productive cough, infections, cardiac, respiratory failure
  • Emphysema- dyspnea, late onset of non productive cough, cachexia and respiratory failure
25
Q

What is the pathology of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Mucus hypersecretion, inflammation in trachea and bronchi

* Bronchioles have fibrosis and obstruction

26
Q

What is the pathology of emphysema?

A

• Acinus have loss of elastic recoil

Tissue Pathology (12 decks)

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