L.6 DNA Regulations Flashcards Preview

Kaplan Biochemistry > L.6 DNA Regulations > Flashcards

Flashcards in L.6 DNA Regulations Deck (14)
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1
Q

What is the Central Dogma

A

DNA Transcribed to RNA

RNA Translated to PROTEIN

2
Q

What is the initiation codon?

What is the termination codon?

A

AUG

UAG

UGA

UAA

3
Q

What is a DEGENERATE CODE?

A

A degenerate code allows multiple codons to encode for the same amino acid

4
Q

What is the Jacob-Monod Model?

A

The Jacob-Monod model of repressors and activators explains how operons work.

5
Q

What are OPERONS?

A

Operons are inducible or repressible clusters of genes transcribed as a single mRNA

ON or OFF Switch for gene expression

6
Q

What are the 4 sites on an Operon?

A

R POS

Regulator

Promotor

Operator

Strutural

7
Q

What do each of the four sites of the Operon do?

A

R POS

Regulator; Makes Repressor (Codes the protein)

Promotor; Holds the RNA Polymerase

Operator: Operator is the site of repressor binding

Structural: We find the GENE of interest here.

8
Q

What is the difference between a positive and negative control in an operon system of transcription?

A

Negative Control:

A binding of a protein such as repressor to the operator stops transcription of a protein.

A Positive control:

A binding of a protein increases transcription of a protein

9
Q

What is the difference between an Inducible system and a Repressor System?

A

Inducible system

When Repressor is on operator under normal condition thus not allowing transcription, can be turned on by an Inducer, thus pulling it awat from operator (lac Operon)

Repressible

When Repressor is not bound to operator undernormal conditions, turning it on with a corepressor will allow it to attach and stop transcription (trp Operon)

10
Q

What are Transcription Factors?

A

Transcription factors search for promotor and enhancer regions / Response elements in the DNA.

11
Q

What are the two sites on a transcription factor?

A

DNA binding domain

find promotor region and enhancer or response element

Activation Domain

Transcription factor

Regulatory proteins

  • RNA polymerase
  • Histone Acetylases
12
Q

Explain how enhancers work.

Using

Response elements

Transcription Factors

Enhancers

Signal Molecules

A

Response Elements

out side of promotor regions are recognized by

Transcription Facotors (and they bind)

Many Response elements together make an

Enhancer

enhancers allow control of one gene by many signal molecules, like

cAMP, Cortisol, Estrogen

(which bind to specific receptors)

13
Q

Describe Histone Acetylases

A

Transcription factors sometimes recruit COACTIVAORS

one of which is Histone Acetylases

these Acetylate Lysine residues found in aminoterminal regions of Histone protein

therefore adding POSITIVE charges and decresing the strenght between DNA and histone Bonds, opening chromatin and Increasing gene expression

14
Q

Describe DNA Methylation

A

DNA Methylases add methyl groups to Nucleotides

CYSTOSINE and ADENINE Groups

Transcription therefore decreases

Methylation is observed in higher concentration on Heterochromatin