1. no known risk - open bench, sink goggles, gloves 2. disease in healthy adults but easily contained, transmission through ingestion, mucous membrane - biohazard warning, sharps, disposal of waste 3. Disease may be lethal - controlled access 4. high risk of lethal - complete isolation

Lab 1 Flashcards by Z Q

Biosafety levels

no known risk - open bench, sink goggles, gloves
disease in healthy adults but easily contained, transmission through ingestion, mucous membrane - biohazard warning, sharps, disposal of waste
Disease may be lethal - controlled access
high risk of lethal - complete isolation

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nosocomial infection

infections acquired while receiving health care that was not previously there

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Transient flora

Resident flora

Transient flora - temporarily present - easily acquired and transferred in a healthcare setting,

Resident flora - is always present - in skin and hair follicles, protect us from pathogens, and is difficult to remove. Compete for nutrients, occupy space and produce antimicrobial compounds

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Symbiotic -

Commensals -

Opportunists -

Symbiotic - Living together

Commensals - inhabit bodies and may benefit normal flora and opportunities

Opportunists - capable of causing disease when given the opportunity

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Culture medium?

Broth?

Solid/plate?

Growth?

Culture medium - nutrient source to allow microbes to grow

Broth - liquid at room temp; growth turbidity

Solid/plate - broth + agar (causes media to become solid)

Growth - colonies - visible masses of microbes

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Types of media

General-purpose media?

Enrichment media?

Selective media?

Differential media?

incubation?

General-purpose media - grows most types of microbes that do not need special growth factors *Tryptic soy broth and agar

*Enrichment media** - special growth factors required by some microbes
*Blood agar blood cells are broken to get nutrients like heme*
*Selective media** -substances that inhibit some growth and encourage others
*Sabourauds dextrose agar - encourages yeast and mold*
*Differential media** - id of microbe based on physical growth differences (what they look like when growing)
*Blood agar as different patterns of hemolysis can be observed*

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TSA - Tryptic soy Agar

SDA - Sabourauds dextrose Agar

BAP - Blood Agar

TSA - Tryptic soy Agar - general purpose

SDA - Sabourauds dextrose Agar - selective media, inhibits the growth of bacteria due to high concentration of dextrose, promotes the growth of fungi

BAP - Blood Agar - enrichment and differential media, contains growth factors for certain microbes and shows differences between different types of microbes

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3 types of Microscopy

Light - magnify images of microorganisms

Brightfield - transmits light through the specimen and appears dark on a light background. Used for stained specimens

Phase-contrast - special lens, diaphragms to slightly alter paths of light waves from an object using diffraction pattern that allows viewing of transparent parts. Used for live, unstained specimens

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What are the magnifications of the following

Ocular lens?

Objective lens
Scanner?
Low power?
High dry?
Oil immersion?

Condenser lens?

Ocular lens - 15X

Objective lens
Scanner- 4x
Low power - 10x
High dry - 40X
Oil immersion-100x

Condenser lens - no magnification

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What is the total magnification for the following

Ocular + scanner?

Ocular + low power?

Ocular + high dry?

Ocular + oil immersion?

Ocular + scanner = 60X

Ocular + low power = 150X

Ocular + high dry = 600X

Ocular + oil immersion = 1500X

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Resolution?

Max resolution of light microscope?

Resolution - ability to distinguish objects from one another

Max = 0.2 micrometers
*particle of light must pass between 2 objects.
*a particle of light is 0.2

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Magnification?

How does it work?

What cannot be seen with a light microscope?

Magnification - the ability of a microscope to make an object appear bigger

light passed through specimen picking up image - which lens makes bigger.

if under 0.2 light will just go around it

Viruses cannot be seen with light microscope must use Electron microscope

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Parfocal?

Working distance?

Parfocal - the image will stay in focus if you go from lower to higher power objective lens

Working distance - the distance between the bottom of the objective lens and the slide

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Prokaryotic cells

Classification?
2 types?

Small, single-celled (unicellular)

Lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria and Archaea

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Eukaryotic cells

Classification?

Larger, single-celled or multicellular

Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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What are 3 domains?

What are 4 kingdoms?

Domains - Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Kingdoms - Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

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Kingdom Protista includes?

Protista

Protozoans and algae

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Kingdom Fungi includes?

Dimorphic?

Fungi

Mold - multicellular, filamentous, sexually via spores

Yeast - unicellular, round cells, asexually via budding

Dimorphic - occurs in both forms depending on environment

Kingdom Animalia includes?

Helminths - parasitic worms

What is the procedure for culture spill?

Cover with paper towel, soak with disinfectant, let stand for 10 mins
reclean with new paper towel and dispose of all paper towels in autoclave bag

*if available, activated peroxide wipes

What is procedure for fire?

In case of fire, students should inform the instructor immediately, and evacuate the area. Pull the fire
alarm. Inform the CSN campus security officer on duty.

ubiquitous -

Fomite -

can be found in any habitat on earth

fomite – a person or object
that mechanically carries microbes from one person or place to another

What is a colony on an agar plate?

Larger hairy - Mold

Smaller - bacteria

Resident flora must have these conditions to live

Slightly hypertonic
Slightly acidic 5-6
Tolerate oils
tolerate keratinocytes that have little nutrients

Where is the following found: Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Corynebacterium Propionobacterium

Staphylococcus aureus - found on nares Staphylococcus epidermidis - found on skil Corynebacterium - on the skin Propionobacterium - in sebaceous glands

Nosocomial infections may include: What 3 others can lead to food poisoning?

MRSA - methicillin-resistant S aureus VRE - Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Clostridium difficile **Can lead to food poisoning:** Staphylococcus E. coli Salmonella

Describe the proper way to wear a lab coat? Where are lab coats stored?

Long sleeves and come to knee level. button up Stored in the lab with names on them. Stored in bin

What is biosafety level 1 & 2

Level 1 is not known to cause disease in healthy humans, open bench, sink, goggles, gloves Level 2 is associated with human disease in healthy humans. Easily contained. Transmission through percutaneous, ingestion, mucous membrane. -Biohazard warning, sharps, disposal of waste and surveillance, biosafety cabinet for aerosols or splash. Googles, lab coats, gloves. plus autoclave

When should Goggles be worn?

Googles should be worn when working with liquids

What is the procedure for a culture spill?

Cover spill with a paper towel Soak with disinfectant immediately let stand for 10 mins, reclean with a new paper towel Dispose of paper towel in an autoclave bag

What is the procedure for a fire?

inform instructor evacuate area Pull fire alarm Inform CSN campus security

What is the last thing a student must do before leaving the lab?

Wash hands

Who was the first person to link the infectious disease, childbed fever, with microorganisms spread through contact with contaminated and unwashed hands

Ignaz Semmelweis

What does cultural media provide organisms? What makes a solid media solid? what are the advantages of solid media? What Is a colony on a agar plate?

Nutrient source Solid media contains agar (dervied from seaweed) & advantages are it provides a flat solid surface Colony - clones from one bacterium

Should one be concerned about bacteria growth in the throat?

Some can be in the throat temporarily like Streptococcus pyogenes which causes strep throat

What is the difference between a bacterial colony and a microbial colony?

Larger hairy colonies are MOLD Smaller non fluffy colonies are BACTERIA

What is the purpose of immersion oil?

Reduces bending and distortion. Oil has the same refractive index as glass so less light bends preserving good resolution

What are the 3 lenses on the microscope and what is the purpose of 3rd lens? What is the purpose of the iris diaphragm?

Ocular, objective, and condenser. Condenser is not involved in magnification but focuses and concentrates the light reaching the specimen. The iris diaphragm is within the condenser and can be opened and closed with a lever to regulate the amount of light reaching the slide

What is resolving power? 0.2 micrometers are also called

is the minimal distance 2 objects must be apart in order to distinguish them as separate and distinct microns

Archaea and bacteria are generally \_\_\_\_-Cellular? Protista has both \_\_\_-cellular and \_\_\_\_- cellular? Fungi have ____ which are unicellular and ____ which are multicellular Kindgom Animalia are ___ cellular Protozoa are classified by

Archea & bacteria - unicellular Protista have both unicellular and multicellular Fungi - yeast - unicellular, mold - multicellular Animals are multicellular Protozoa are classified by their method of locomotion (Cilia, pseudopodia, flagella, non-motile)

What are the 2 members of the animal kingdom which are eukaryotic cells...

Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eels) that grow well in acetic acid and are motile Planaria which motile free-living flat worms with eyespots

Fungi are non-photosynthetic \_\_\_\_\_trophic Yeasts are best known for their role in When hyphae become large macroscopic mass they are called

Heterotrophic (use organics for carbon and energy) decomposers Fermentation in making bread and beer Mycelium