Lab 1

Question 1

Name the structure that forms the physical separation between the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

State the location and function of mesentery tissue.

Answer 2

Mesentery tissue surrounds the intestine and holds the coils in place. It is also very vascular, containing blood vessels and nerves. It is a double layer of peritoneum

Question 3

What is a body cavity?

Answer 3

a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs

Question 4

Where is the thoracic cavity found and what organs does it contain

Answer 4

Beneath the rib cage and above the diaphragm. Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, thymus, trachea

Question 5

Where is the abdominal cavity found and what organs does it contain

Answer 5

Within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine. Contains the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.

Question 6

Describe the location and properties of serous membranes

Answer 6

Serous membranes have two layers: parietal and visceral. Parietal lines the walls of body cavities and visceral lines organs, the space between them is a cavity.
They are found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities surrounding the heart, lungs and abdominal organs

Question 7

Identify organs which are not part of the digestive system

Answer 7

Spleen, lungs, heart, thymus, thyroid, kidneys, adrenal glands, urinary bladder, male and female reproductive organs.

Question 8

Identify the gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

Name the largest gland in the body

Answer 9

Liver

Question 10

Name the structure(s) found in humans but not in the rat

Answer 10

• Vermiform appendix
• Sigmoid Colon
• Bulbous uterus
• Gallbladder
• Canine teeth

Question 11

Name the two organs (in the rat) that secrete their products directly into the duodenum via a common duct

Answer 11

Pancreas and Liver

Question 12

Name the site of bile production in the rat

Answer 12

Liver

Question 13

Describe the key difference(s) between human and rat female reproductive organs

Answer 13

Y shaped in rats with capacity for 12 offspring.
Bulbous shape in humans with generally one offspring per birth.

Question 14

Describe the functions of the various regions of the stomach

Answer 14

• Transparent region - food storage - greater curvature
• Pyloric region - opaque - glandular for digestion

Question 15

State where dehydration of digestive contents and reabsorption of water mainly occurs

Answer 15

Colon

Question 16

List the regions of the small intestine in order from the stomach to the caecum

Answer 16

stomach -> duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum -> caecum

Question 17

Describe the path of nutrient-laden (rich) blood leaving the small intestine

Answer 17

hepatic portal vein carries nutrient rich blood to the liver

Question 18

Describe how the flow of chyme is controlled

Answer 18

Via the pyloric sphincter which controls the flow of stomach contents

Question 19

What parts of the GI tract are under voluntary control

Answer 19

Outer part of the anal sphincter and mouth

Question 20

Describe the location and function of the epiglottis

Answer 20

Epiglottis is a triangular flap over the trachea that prevents food entering trachea during swallowing (therefore, open during breathing and closed during swallowing). It blocks the glottis; entrance to the trachea

Question 21

What are the three tubular portions of the gut

Answer 21

oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine

Question 22

What are the two sacs in the gut

Answer 22

stomach and caecum

Question 23

Which two large glands does secretion occur that is not part of the gut

Answer 23

liver and pancreas

Question 24

which side does the stomach lie in humans

Answer 24

left side

Question 25

does the oesophagus lie dorsal or ventral to the trachea

Answer 25

dorsal

Question 26

what is the purpose of the pancreas

Answer 26

it secretes enzymes (lipase, amylase and protease) into the duodenum and secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Question 26

which curvature does the oesophagus enter the stomach on

Answer 26

the lesser curvature

Question 27

What is the position of the pancreas relative to the stomach and duodenum?

Answer 27

it sits close to the greater curvature of the stomach and the pancreatic duct extends from the medial end of the gland towards the duodenum

Question 28

What is the pancreas like in rats

Answer 28

more diffuse, lots of small pink lobules suspended by mesentery

Question 29

What is the function of the liver

Answer 29

It produces bile and functions as both a exocrine and endocrine gland

Question 30

Where and how is bile discharged

Answer 30

bile in the gallbladder travels down the cystic duct, joins into the bile duct and discharges into the duodenum

Question 31

How does bile discharge work in rats

Answer 31

the pancreatic ducts join the hepatic duct to discharge into the duodenum

Question 32

How many lobes does the liver have

Answer 32

Four

Question 33

What is the order of the GI tract

Answer 33

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon (in humans), Rectum, Anus

Question 34

Describe the cranial cavity

Answer 34

The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the cranial cavity, which contains the brain.

Question 35

Describe the spinal cavity

Answer 35

The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the vertebral (spinal) canal which contains the spinal cord.

Question 36

Describe the similarities and connections between the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

Answer 36

The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another. Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges, and a shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.

Question 37

Describe the thoracic cavity

Answer 37

The thoracic cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Within the thoracic cavity are the pericardial cavity and pleural cavities. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum.

Question 38

Which organs are retroperitoneal

Answer 38

The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and de- scending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdom- inal aorta and inferior vena cava

Question 39

What organs are in the abdominal cavity

Answer 39

the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Question 40

What organs are in the pelvic cavity

Answer 40

the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and inter- nal organs of the reproductive system

Question 41

what are arteries from the two branches of the dorsal aorta carrying blood towards the small intestines

Answer 41

coeliac a. and superior mesentric a.

Question 42

What are the veins draining deoxygenated, nutrient laden blood away from the wall?

Answer 42

Tributaries of the hepatic portal vein which leads to the liver

Question 43

how does the liver receive venous blood

Answer 43

from the gut wall via the hepatic portal vein

Question 44

how does the liver receive oxygenated blood

Answer 44

from the aorta via the hepatic artery (branch of the coeliac artery)

Question 45

Where does the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter access the kidney?

Answer 45

At the depression (hilus) on the medial surface

Question 46

What is the function of the adrenal glands and where can they be found

Answer 46

They can be found embedded in the fat near the anterior pole of both kidneys. The outer crust secretes several steroid hormones and the inner core (medulla) secretes adrenalin

Question 47

How is the ovary connected to the uterine horn?

Answer 47

Via the oviduct

Question 48

Describe the ridges on the hard palate

Answer 48

transverse

Question 49

How many molar teeth form a grinding battery

Answer 49

3

Question 50

What is the glottis

Answer 50

The opening to the trachea